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ANSC 413/513 Comparative Nutrition of Domestic and Wild Animals (3 CR) Winter 2007 Instructor: Dr. Peter R. Cheeke 316 Withycombe Hall Phone: 737-1917 Email: [email protected] COURSE OVERVIEW This course will provide a comprehensive discussion of comparative similarities and differences in nutrient digestion and metabolism of domestic and wild animals, including mammals and avian species. Herbivores such as ruminants and hindgut fermentors will be emphasized, as will mammalian and avian carnivorous species. Emphasis will be on protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, with other topics selected from the attached Table of Contents (syllabus) in accordance with student interest in a particular year. Student course fee: $10. GRADING MODE A/F CLASS MEETINGS PER WEEK Three one-hour lecture sessions per week. SCHEDULE TYPE Lecture PREREQUISITES, CO-REQUISITES AND ENFORCED PREREQUISITES Junior or senior status is required. A prerequisite of Introduction to Biochemistry is recommended but not required. Introduction to Organic Chemistry is a required prerequisite. One goal of the class is to attract students from Fisheries and Wildlife who have had no previous course work in nutrition. STATEMENT REGARDING STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES Accommodations are collaborative efforts between students, faculty and Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD). Students with accommodations approved through SSD are responsible for contacting the faculty member in charge of the course prior to or during the first week of the term to discuss accommodations. Students who believe they are eligible for accommodations but who have not yet obtained approval through SSD should contact SSD immediately at 737-4098. LINK TO STATEMENT OF EXPECTATIONS FOR STUDENT CONDUCT, I.E. CHEATING POLICIES http://oregonstate.edu/admin/stucon/achon.htm EVALUATION OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE Student performance will be assessed with two written midterms (one hour each) and one twohour written final exam. Graduate students will also be given a comprehensive one-hour oral exam. All students will submit a term paper. Graduate students will give an oral report on their term paper. For undergraduates, the final grade will be calculated by: First midterm 100 points Second midterm 100 points Term paper 100 points Final exam 200 points Grand total 500 points For graduate students, the final grade will be calculated by: First midterm Second midterm Term paper Final written exam Final oral exam Oral presentation Grand total JUSTIFICATION 100 points 100 points 100 points 200 points 50 points 50 points 600 points Charles T. Robbins, a distinguished professor of wildlife nutrition at WSU, commented in the preface of his book, “Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition,” as follows: “The wildlife nutritionist often does have much more of a comparative perspective than does the domestic animal nutritionist. Unfortunately, although many of the principles of nutrition could be learned by wildlife students taking the standard animal nutrition course taught in animal science departments, most of these departments have chosen to virtually ignore the nondomesticated and nonlaboratory species.” The above statement is a strong justification for a course integrating nutritional knowledge of domestic and wild species. Additionally, I have served on numerous graduate committees of Masters and Ph.D. students in Fisheries and Wildlife. In several instances, I have noted that their research involves nutritional aspects, but they don’t have the nutritional background to fully interpret their results. Finally, there are increasing opportunities for animal science graduates in zoo and exotic animal nutrition. Exposure of animal science students to aspects of wild animal nutrition will widen their career options. LEARNING OUTCOMES The expected learning outcomes for all students are: 1. To be able to list the major types of digestive tract physiology of domestic and wild animals, with particular emphasis on Hofmann’s classification of wild ruminants. Students will be required to describe Hofmann’s categories and explain how anatomical characteristics influence diet selection and fermentation processes. 2. To be able to name and describe major pathways of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, with special emphasis on nutritional idiosyncracies of selected carnivores and herbivores. Students will be required to diagram major metabolic pathways, and explain how energy-yielding nutrients enter these pathways. Students will be asked to identify unique pathways in selected carnivorous and herbivorous species. 3. To describe the cofactor roles of minerals and vitamins, with relevance to the importance of differences in digestive tract physiology. Students will identify specific metabolic sites where trace elements and β-complex vitamins serve as cofactors and coenzymes in pathways of intermediary metabolism. 4. To list and describe particular roles of vitamins and minerals in specific metabolic functions, such as growth, skeletal development, fluid balance and electrolyte inter-relationships, development of the pelage, and nutritional involvement in pigmentation. Students will be required to describe and explain non-cofactor roles of micro-nutrients in tissue development and function. 5. To list and describe factors regulating diet selection and feed intake, including intake-energy relationships, metabolic size, and the roles of plant secondary compounds in diet selection. Students will identify factors influencing diet selection and feed intake, and will explain the roles of phytochemicals in diet selection by herbivores. Students will learn the basics of the fate of nutrients from the point of ingestion to the end point of elimination. They will gain an appreciation of the wide array of influences of digestive tract physiology on these processes. They will gain a biochemically-oriented perspective to comparative nutrition. TEXT Comparative Nutrition of Domestic and Wild Animals, by P.R. Cheeke et al. (in preparation, presently available as course packet). SYLLABUS/COURSE OUTLINE The table of contents of a proposed book, “Comparative Nutrition of Domestic and Wild Animals,” follows. Chapters 1-8 will be discussed in detail. Additional chapters will be discussed according to student interests and as time allows. The proposed course outline is based on this text. COMPARATIVE NUTRITION OF DOMESTIC AND WILD ANIMALS P.R. Cheeke PART I. Chapter 1. Introduction Nutrients and their functions – an overview Cellular metabolism – an overview Chapter 2. Digestive Physiology Feeding strategies Comparative digestive physiology Autoenzymatic digestors Simple nonruminants e.g. pig Avian species Alloenzymatic digestors Foregut fermentors Ruminants Concentrate-selectors Bulk and roughage eaters Intermediate feeders Non-ruminant foregut fermentors e.g. kangaroo, colobus monkey, sloth, hoatzin Hindgut fermentors Cecal fermentors e.g. rabbit, koala, ostrich Colonic and ceco-colonic fermentors equids, New World monkeys, lemurs, beaver Anatomy and functions of segments of the gut e.g. villi, microvilli, brush border, mucus secretion Gastrointestinal hormones Function and regulation e.g. CCK, somatostatin, VIP, etc. Microbiology of the gut Chapter 3. Protein, Amino Acid and Nitrogen Metabolism Structures and chemical properties of amino acids Proteins and protein structure Classification of proteins Protein digestion Autoenzymatic digestion in non-ruminants Nitrogen metabolism in the hindgut Protein digestion in ruminants Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen Post-ruminal protein digestion Protein digestion in non-ruminant herbivores Protein structure and synthesis Genetic code, nucleic acids Amino acid metabolism Synthesis of “non-essentials” Nitrogen fixation Disposal of excess amino acids Deamination Transamination The urea cycle Uric acid synthesis Other aspects Sulfur amino acid metabolism Tryptophan and indole metabolism Tyrosine metabolism Branched chain amino acids Conjugation of toxins Excitatory amino acids Formation of nitric oxide Chapter 4. Carbohydrates: Structure and Digestion Chemical structure of carbohydrates Structure of plant fiber and plant cells Feed sources of carbohydrates: grains, roughages Carbohydrate digestion Simple non-ruminants Ruminants Carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen Carbohydrate digestion in the hindgut Non-ruminant herbivores Digestive processes Hindgut fermentation Cecotrophy Chapter 5. Lipids: Structure and Function Chemical structure of lipids Dietary sources of lipids Comparative digestion Cholesterol, triglycerides, atherosclerosis Dynamic state of body fat Species differences in composition of body fat w-3, w-6, CLA PART II. NUTRIENT FUNCTIONS AND METABOLISM Chapter 6. Overview of Minerals and Vitamins Structures Occurrence Deficiency and toxicity signs Interrelationships Many specific metabolic roles will be covered in other chapters. Chapter 7. Energy and Intermediary Metabolism Calorimetry and energy categories: GE, DE, ME, NE Pathways of carbohydrate metabolism Catabolism of fatty acids and amino acids Functions of minerals and vitamins in energy metabolism Endocrine regulation of intermediary metabolism Insulin, thyroxin, growth hormone, etc. Inter-cellular and intra-cellular signaling and communication Energy storage: lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis; glycogen and adipose tissue Autooxidation and free radicals Roles of vitamin E and Se Disorders of energy metabolism: Obesity, diabetes, ketosis Caloric intake and longevity Metabolism of toxins: Phases I and II Chapter 8. Anabolism (Growth) Body composition and age Protein synthesis and degradation Chapter 9. The Skeletal System Roles of Ca, P, vitamin D, vitamin K in bone mineralization Disorders: Osteoporosis, milk fever Connective tissue formation Roles of vitamin C, lysine, proline, copper, vitamin A, manganese, lathyrogens Chapter 10. Blood, Eelectrolytes and Fluid Balance Roles of iron and copper in hemoglobin synthesis Blood clotting Vitamin K, Ca Electrolytes: Na, K, Cl Fluid balance Metabolic acidosis Water metabolism and requirements Desert animals Chapter 11. The Pelage: Skin, hair, hooves, feathers, antlers Roles of nutrients, e.g. zinc, copper, amino acids Skin pigmentation The carotenoids Vitamin A Xanthophylls Other carotenoids Pigmentation in birds Poultry, flamingoes, etc. Pigmentation in fish Chapter 12. Nutrition and the Immune System Chapter 13. Nutrition and Reproduction Female reproduction Energy, phosphorus Phytoestrogens Egg production Poultry Wild avian species Male reproduction Nutrients Dietary toxins, e.g. gossypol Environmental estrogens Chapter 14. Feed Intake and Diet Selection Roles of energy and protein; gut distention, blood metabolites Metabolic body size Foraging strategies Plant secondary compounds Coevolution of plants and herbivores COURSE OUTLINE Lecture # Topic 1 Introduction to nutrients and their functions. 2 Digestive physiology-autoenzymatic digestors. 3 Digestive physiology-alloenzymatic digestors-foregut. 4 Digestive physiology-alloenzymatic digestors – hindgut fermentors. 5 The small intestine-structure and function; gastrointestinal hormones. 6 Microbiology of the gut. 7. Protein metabolism-structure and properties of amino acids. 8 Protein metabolism-autoenzymatic digestion in non-ruminants. Nitrogen metabolism in the hindgut. 9. Protein and nitrogen metabolism in ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores. 10 First midterm. 11 Amino acid metabolism-nitrogen fixation, deamination, transamination. 12 Nitrogen excretion: the urea cycle; uric acid formation and excretion. 13 Non-protein roles of amino acids. 14 Carbohydrates: structure, feed sources. 15 Carbohydrates-autoenzymatic digestion; fermentation in herbivores. 16 Lipids – structure and function. 17 Lipids – comparative digestion; fatty acid metabolism. 18 Lipids – cholesterol, species differences in body fat, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in ruminants. 19 Pathways of carbohydrate metabolism. 20 Second midterm. 21 Pathways of lipid metabolism; β-oxidation; fatty acid biosynthesis. 22 Energy storage: glycogen and adipose tissue. 23 Integration of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids in cellular metabolism. 24 Ketosis. 25 Autoxidation of fats; free radicals, antioxidant nutrients (vitamin E and selenium), polyphenolic antioxidants. 26 Nutrition of carnivores: domestic and wild canines and felines. 27 Nutrition of small herbivores: rabbits, hares, marsupials. 28 Pigmentation in domestic and wild mammals, fish and birds. 29 Feed intake and diet selection. 30 Foraging strategies; metabolic body size. 31 Final Exam. GRADUATE STUDENT REQUIREMENTS All students will be required to submit a term paper on a topic of their choosing, on some aspect of comparative nutrition. Graduate students will be required to give an oral presentation of the term paper. Graduate students will also be required to complete a more lengthy and comprehensive final exam than the undergraduates. In addition to the above Learning Outcomes, graduate students will be expected to: 1. Participate in a final oral exam in which they will be asked to: a) Explain, evaluate and elucidate current controversies regarding the validity of Hofmann’s digestive tract-feeding strategy proposals. b) Explain metabolic events which lead to the development of ketosis in domestic animals, and explain why ketosis does not occur in hibernating animals. 2. Submit and explain one current (last 12 months) scientific paper dealing with some aspect of the nutrition of a non-domestic animal species.