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#: ___ Scientist’s Name: ____________ Competency 4c 4. Investigate, compare, and contrast cell structures, functions, and methods of reproduction. c. Describe how active, passive, and facilitated transports relate to the maintenance of homeostasis. (DOK 1) Section 7 – DaBook Cellular Transport, page 163 1. Comes from the Greek words “the same” & “steady” – 2. ___ refers to the need form living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment in order to survive. 3. List four factors that must be controlled for living things to survive & grow. 4. What is the average internal temperature of the human body in C o? Fo? 5. List two things our body does to help maintain a constant internal body temperature. 6. List the levels of organization of living things. Cells -> 7. The chemical reactions that take place in each cell need a constant ___ environment. 8. Define cellular transport. 9. ___ is the process that allows the cell to maintain homeostasis. 10. Draw & label Figure 7-1. 11. What is the main function of the cell membrane? 12. Explain the property of being selectively permeable. 13. The cell membrane is a bilayer of ___. 14. The two types of transport across the cell membrane are ___ & ___. 15. ___ means that the cell has to use some of its own energy to move materials in or out. 16. Two examples of #15 are… 17. In ___, the cell does not have to use any of its own energy. 18. Two examples of #17 are… 19. Define diffusion & give an example. 20. Why is diffusion considered passive transport? 21. Give two examples of materials that can diffuse through a cell’s membrane. 22. Explain concentration gradient. 23. When the concentrations on both sides of the cell membrane are equal, the concentration has reached ___. 24. Explain Figure 7-2. 25. What are transport proteins? 26. List three examples of substances that must use proteins to cross the cell membrane. 27. Give two examples of how transport proteins work. 28. Explain facilitated diffusion. 29. How is osmosis different from simple diffusion? 30. List two important things to remember about osmosis. 31. Define solute. 32. Explain Figure 7-4. 33. Draw & explain Figure 7-5. 34. List & describe the three types of osmotic solutions. 35. Differentiate the parts of a solution. 36. ___ serves as the main solvent in living things. (universal solvent) 37. If there is a concentration gradient, substances will move from an area of high concentration to … 38. The direction of water movement across the cell membrane depends on the concentration of 39. A solution that causes a cell to swell is called a 40. Organelles that collect excess water inside the cell and force water out are called 41. The process of taking material into the cell by enfolding the cell membrane is called 42. In __ diffusion, membrane proteins help molecules across the membrane. 43. In diffusion, molecules 2 44. Facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient [with / without] using the cell’s energy. Molecules diffuse __ at higher temperatures. Smaller molecules diffuse __ than larger molecules. Most short-distance transport of materials into & out of cells occurs by diffusion. 45. Diffusion always occurs ____ (water moves from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated). Diffusion continues until … When a concentration gradient no longer exists, ___ has been reached but molecules will continue to move equally back & forth across a membrane. Osmosis & Tonicity 46. In which direction does water move across membranes, up or down the concentration gradient? 47. Define these 3 terms: a. isotonic_____________________________________ b. hypertonic _____________________________________ c. hypotonic _____________________________________ Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty. Just remember ~ salt sucks!!!! 48. Cytoplasm is mostly water containing dissolved solutes. ____________ solutions have many solute molecules & fewer water molecules. Water moves from areas of ______ solute concentration to areas of _______solute concentration. 3 If the concentration of solute (salt) is ___, the water will move back in forth but it won't have any result on the overall amount of water on either side. "ISO" means ____ Animal cells do best in isotonic solutions. The cells of animals on land are usually in an isotonic environment (equilibrium). The word "HYPO" means ____, in this case there are ___ solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, since salt sucks, water will move ____. The cell will gain water and grow larger. In plant cells, the central vacuoles will fill and the plant becomes ____, the ____ keeps the plant from bursting. Plant cells become turgid due to water pressing outward against cell wall. Turgor pressure in plant cells helps them keep their shape. Plant cells do best in hypotonic solutions. In animal cells, the cell may be in danger of bursting. Organelles called ___ will pump water out of the cell to prevent this. Animal cells swell & burst (lyse) if they take in too much water. Cytolysis is the bursting of cells. Freshwater organisms live in hypotonic environments so water constantly moves into their cells. Plant cell walls prevent plant cells from bursting in hypotonic environments. Some marine organisms can pump out excess salt. 49. After reading the paragraphs above & below, define the following terms. cytolysis turgor turgor pressure plasmolysis flaccid 4 The word "HYPER" means ___. In this case there are more solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, which causes the water to ___. In plant cells, the central vacuole loses water and the cells shrink, causing ___. Plant cells become flaccid (wilt); called ____. In animal cells, the cells also shrink. In both cases, the cell may die. This is why it is dangerous to drink sea water - its a myth that drinking sea water will cause you to go insane, but people marooned at sea will speed up dehydration (and death) by drinking sea water. This is also why "salting fields" was a common tactic during war, it would kill the crops in the field, thus causing food shortages. 50. Use arrows to show the direction of water movement into or out of each cell. Color and label the cell in an isotonic environment light blue, the hypotonic environment yellow, and the hypertonic environment light green. Match the description with the osmotic condition: A. Isotonic _____ 51. _____ 52. _____ 53. _____ 54. _____ 55. _____ 56. _____ 57. _____ 58. _____ 59. B. Hypertonic C. Hypotonic solution with a lower solute concentration solution in which the solute concentration is the same condition plant cells require condition that animal cells require red blood cell bursts (cytolysis) plant cell loses turgor pressure (Plasmolysis) solution with a higher solute concentration plant cell with good turgor pressure solution with a high water concentration 5 60. Label the tonicity for each solution (isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic). ______________ _______________ ______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ Facilitated Diffusion 61. Faster than simple diffusion - Considered __ transport because extra energy not used. Occurs down a concentration gradient. Involves __ embedded in a cell’s membrane to help move across certain solutes such as glucose. Carrier molecules __ when solute attaches to them. Change in carrier protein shape helps move solute across the membrane. 62. ___ in the cell membrane form tunnels across the membrane to move materials. These may always be open or have gates that open & close to control the movement of materials; called ___. Gates open & close in response to concentration inside & outside the cell. 6 The black dots in the diagrams represent solute molecules dissolved in water. 63. In which beaker (A or B) is the concentration of solute the greater? A B 64. If the solute (dots) in the diagram to the right is unable to pass through the dividing membrane, what will happen? A. the water level will rise on the right side of the tube B. the water level will rise on the left side of the tube C. the water level will stay equal on the two sides 65. What type of transport does the following picture represent? 66. What energy is being used? 67. In which direction (concentration gradient), is the movement occurring? 68. Explain moving AGAINST the concentration gradient. 69. This [requires/does not require] energy from the cell. 70. List three types of transport proteins. 71. Explain Figure 7-10. 72. List the two types of active transport that move LARGE objects. Color the internal environment of the cell yellow. Color and Label the transport proteins red and the substance being moved blue. 73. Carrier proteins are used to move ions such as Na+, Ca+, and K+ across the cell membrane. ____ moves ___ Na+ out for every __ K+ into the cell. Causes a difference in charge inside and outside the cell called ___. Ion pumps help __ & ___ cells work. 74. Plants use active transport to help ____. Plant nutrients are more concentrated inside the root than outside. 7 75. Explain the sodium/potassium pump. (page 178) 76. One type of active transport is called the _____ pump that helps muscle cells contract. This pump uses ___ to move ions ___ the concentration gradient. 77. The protein that is used to pump the ions through is called a ___ protein and it changes its ___ to move the ions across the cell membrane. Label and color the carrier proteins red and the ions green. 78. Endocytosis – 79. Two Types: 80. Cell membrane extends out forming ___ (fingerlike projections) that surround the particle. Membrane pouch encloses the material & pinches off inside the cell making a ____. Vesicle can fuse with ____ (digestive organelles) or release their contents in the cytoplasm. Used by amoeba to feed & white blood cells to kill bacteria. Known as "cell eating." 81. Label the sketch below. 82. Cell membrane surrounds fluid droplets. Fluids are taken into membrane-bound vesicle. Known as "___." 83. Exocytosis – 84. ___ made by ribosomes in a cell are packaged into transport vesicles by the Golgi Apparatus. Transport vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and then the proteins are secreted out of the cell (e.g. insulin). 85. Cell size stay small because… Diffusion Proteins Surface area-to-volume ratio 8 COMPARE/CONTRAST Active (ATP) What does it use to help? Or Passive Membrane proteins the kinds of (KINETIC Vesicles transport ENERGY) Needs no help Example of substance(s) that use this kind of transport in cells DIFFUSION FACILITATED DIFFUSION OSMOSIS FACILITATED DIFFUSION (ION CHANNELS) SODIUM-POTASSIUM (NA+ -K+) PUMP (ANIMALS) ENDOCYTOSIS (PHAGOCYTOSIS) ENDOCYTOSIS (PINOCYTOSIS) EXOCYTOSIS 9