Download Disaccharides Examples

INSTRUCTIONS: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS HOMEWORK IS THAT YOU BEGIN TO READ TERMS
IN ENGLISH THAT PROBABLY ARE TO YOU OF UTILITY DURING YOUR FUTURE. YOU ONLY
NEED TO READ THIS DOCUMENT FOR YOUR PARCIAL AND FINAL TEST. DON’T PRINT THE
DOCUMENT. GOOD LUCK AND ENJOY IT… IT’S INTERESANT.
UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF NUTRITION
Good nutrition is the foundation of good health. Everyone needs the four basics nutrients: water,
carbohydrates, proteins and fats, as well as vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients. To be able to
choose the proper food, and to better understand why those foods should be supported with
supplements, you need to have a clear idea to the components of a healthy diet.
1. Water
The human body is two-thirds water (75%). Water is an essential nutrient that is involved in every
function of the body. It helps transport nutrients and waste products in and out of cells. It is
necessary for all digestive, absorption, circulatory, and excretory functions, as well as for the
utilization of the water-soluble vitamins (B complex, C, K, Biotin, Folic Acid, Choline, Coenzyme Q10
,
etc.). It is also needed for the maintenance of proper body temperature.
By drinking an adequate amount of water each day –at least 8 glasses- you can ensure that your
body has all it needs to maintain good health. While the body can survive without food for about five
weeks, the body cannot survive without water for longer than five days.
Most people assume that when they turn on their kitchen tap, they are getting clean, safe healthy
drinking water. Unfortunately, this is often not the case in Mexico. Regardless of the original source
of tap water, it is vulnerable to a number of different types of impurities. Some undesirable
substances found in water, including fluoride, radon, arsenic, iron, lead, copper, and other heavy
metals, can occur naturally. Other contaminants, such as fertilizers, asbestos, cyanides, herbicides,
pesticides, and industrials chemicals, may leach into ground water through the soil, or into any tap
water from plumbing pipes. In addition, water can contain biological contaminants, including viruses,
bacteria and parasites. The chlorine added to water to kill bacteria is not effective at killing viruses.
Boiling water for at least five minutes can destroy the microorganisms.
SOME DIET PROGRAMS HAVE YOU DRINK 10 TO 12 GLASSES OF WATER A DAY. WHAT’S
THE POINT?
The main reason is to prevent kidney stones. Very-low-calorie diet programs can break down the
body’s protein stores, resulting in excess uric acid can lead to kidney stones. Drinking large quantities
of fluids dilutes the urine and lessens the likelihood of stones. In addition, drinking water frequently
can stop hunger contractions of the stomach and create a temporary sensation of fullness. (1)
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA pyramid)
… and of course, very much clean and
fresh water!!!!
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2. Proteins
Proteins are probably the most important class of biochemical molecules, although of course
lipids and carbohydrates are also essential for life.
Proteins are the basis for the major structural components of animal and human tissue. The
proteins can be used as an energy source (provide 4 kcal/g) but basically they are used to make other
proteins, hormones, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and enzymes. Some proteins, in muscle, aid in movement,
while other proteins, as antibodies, help defend the body and are used in every cell of your body.
A protein is formed when amino acids are joined. An amino acid contains three main groups
connected to one central carbon atom. These three groups are the carboxyl group (-COOH), the amino
group (-NH2), and the side chain (R group). The bonds that join amino acids are called peptide bonds,
which form between the carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids are used in every cell of your body
and are used to build the proteins you need to survive.
A pair of linked amino acids is called a dipeptide. If you add another amino acid, it now becomes a
tripeptide. Polypeptides consist of between 10 and 2000 amino acids.
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Making chains with 20 amino acids
Even though scientists have discovered over 50 amino acids, only 20 are used to make something
called proteins in your body. Of those twenty, eight are defined as essential. An adult body can
synthesize the other twelve.
Thousands of combinations of those twenty are used to make all of the proteins in your body. Amino
acids bond together to make long chains and those long chains of amino acids are also called proteins.
Enzymes make the world go’ round
Enzymes are the biological substance (proteins) that acts as catalysts (accelerator) and help
complex reactions occur everywhere in life.
I’m in catalysts…and
dizzy…this is very
speed!!!
When you go home at night and the door is
locked, can it open itself? Nope. You need a
key that is just the right shape to fit in that
lock. Otherwise, you're stuck in the cold.
Enzymes work in a similar way (locks and
keys). Enzymes complete very specific jobs and do nothing else. They are very specific locks and the
compounds they work with are the special keys. In the same way there are door keys, car keys, and
bike-lock keys, there are enzymes for neural cells, intestinal cells, and your saliva.
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Denaturation of Proteins
Denaturation is a structural change in biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, usually
caused by heat, acids, bases, detergents, or certain chemicals. The most common observation in the
denaturation process is the precipitation or coagulation of the protein, like the irreversible egg
protein denaturation and loss of solubility, caused by the high temperature (while cooking it).
YES, I’M IN
DENATURATION
!
The same transformation can be effected with a denaturing chemical. Pouring egg whites into a
beaker of acetone will also turn egg whites opaque and solid. The skin which forms on curdled milk is
another common example of denatured protein.
An example of reversible denaturing in proteins is the modern permanent wave technique for curling
or straightening hair.
DO YOU HAVE
NATURAL HAIR OR IS
DENATURATING?
OF COURSE IS
NATURAL, AND
MY COLOR SKIN
TOO.
(I LOVED MICHAEL JACKSON… AND THIS IS THE REASON THAT I MADE HIM A LITTLE MENTION)
Proteins in food
The best protein choices are fish or shellfish, skinless chicken or turkey, low-fat or fat-free dairy
(skim milk, low-fat cheese), milk and egg whites or egg substitute. The best red meats are the leanest
cuts (loin and tenderloin). Other healthy options are beans, legumes (lentils and peanut butter), and
soy foods such as tofu or soymilk. (2)
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3. Carbohydrates (carbs)
Scientists also use the word saccharide to describe sugars. Carbohydrates supply the body with the
energy it needs to function. They are found most exclusively in plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables,
peas, and beans. Milk and milk products are the only foods derived from animals that contain a
significant amount of carbohydrates.
All carbohydrates are made up of one or more molecules of simple sugars. Carbohydrates are
combinations of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), with the latter two components occurring in
the same proportion as in water. The basic formula: CnH2nOn.
Carbohydrates are divides
carbohydrates and complex
into
two
groups:
carbohydrates.
simple
**Simple carbohydrates sometimes called simple sugars. A sugar called glucose is the most important
monosaccharide on Earth. Glucose is used in cellular respiration and created by photosynthesis. When you think of
table sugar, like the kind in candy, it is actually a disaccharide. The sugar on your dinner table is made of glucose
and another monosaccharide called fructose. Also include fructose (fruit sugar), sucrose (table sugar), corn or
grape sugar (dextrose or glucose), and lactose (milk sugar), as well as several other sugars. Fruits are one of the
richest natural sources of simple carbohydrates.
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Monosaccharides Examples
Disaccharides Examples
Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
**Complex carbohydrates (Polysaccharides or carbohydrates properly) are also made up of sugars,
but the sugar molecules are strung together to form longer, more complex chains. Complex
carbohydrates include fiber and starches. Foods rich in complex carbohydrates include vegetables,
whole grains, peas and beans. Those found in food include:


Starch - made up of several hundred glucose units joined together.
Dietary fiber - consists of glucose, galactose or other monosaccharides linked together in
such manners that the long chains are indigestible.
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Polysaccharides Examples
Starch
(n is the number of repeating glucose units and ranges in the 1,000's)
All carbohydrate foods -potatoes, broccoli, apples, grapes, sugar, and honey- have the same
ultimate destination. They are converted to the simple sugar, glucose, the primary fuel for the body.
Carbohydrates are the main source of blood glucose, which is a major fuel for the body’s entire cell
and the only source of energy for the brain and red blood cells. Except for the fiber, which cannot be
digested and it delivers several important health benefits, both simple and complex carbohydrates are
converted in glucose. The glucose is then either used directly to provide energy for the body, or
stored in the liver for future use. Release 4 kilocalories for every gram. When a person consumes
more calories than the body is using, a portion of the carbohydrates consumed may also be stored in
the body as fat. In addition, if eaten in excess, especially over a period of many years, the large
amounts of simple carbohydrates found in refined foods like table sugar, can lead to a number of
disorders, including diabetes and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
Animals (including humans) break down carbohydrates during the process of metabolism to release
energy. For example, the chemical metabolism of the sugar glucose is shown below:
C H O + 6O ---» 6CO + 6H O +
6 12 6
2
2
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It is recommended that about 60 percent of your total daily calories come from carbohydrates. If
much of your diet consists oh healthy complex carbohydrates, you should easily fulfill the
recommended daily minimum of 25 grams of
fiber. (3)
Do you want a
little fructose?
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4. Lipids (fats, oils)
Lipids are another type of organic molecule (composed of CHO, like carbohydrates, and proteins
but less O) that does not dissolve in water. When you think of fats, you should know that they are
lipids. Lipids are also used to make steroids, phospholipids and waxes. So if you pick out some earwax
and smell it, that's a lipid, too!
Get the wax out of your ears.
Wax is used to coat and protect things in nature. Bees make wax. Your ears make wax. Plant leaves
even have wax on the outside of their leaves. It can be used for structures such as the bees'
honeycombs. Waxes can also be used for protection. Plants use wax to stop evaporation of water from
their leaves. In general they are used for:
o
o
o
o
o
Long term nutrient and energy storage
The basic structural part of all cell membranes
Insulation, cushioning of internal organs
Hormones to send messages
Vitamins (some vitamins are derived from lipids
Triglycerides
Fat is also known as a triglyceride. It is made up of a molecule known as glycerol that is connected
to one, two, or three fatty acids (that is really a trygliceride). Glycerol is the basis of all fats and is
made up of a three-carbon chain. It connects the fatty acids together. A fatty acid is a long chain of
carbon atoms connected to each other.
Remember: All fats have the same basic structure GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY ACIDS.
A fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group [-COOH] attached to the end. An
example is the palmitic acid.
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Saturated
and
unsaturated.
There are two kinds of fats, unsaturated and saturated. Unsaturated fats have at least one double
bond in one of the fatty acids. A double bond happens when two electrons are shared or exchanged in
a bond. They are much stronger than single bonds, for example vegetable oil (vegetal products, liquid
at room temperature) like stearic acid, 18 C and palmitic acid, 16 C. Saturated fats have no double
bonds for example steak and butter, (animal products, solid at room temperature) like palmitoleic
acid, 16 C and oleic acid, 18 C.
Watch here!
Saturated fats tend to raise your blood cholesterol levels, increasing your risk of developing
arterioscleroses (hardening of the arteries) and heart disease; eating too much of any fat can lead to
obesity, which carries with it a completely new set of problems, including an increased risk of
developing arthritis.
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Fats have a lot of energy stored up in their molecular bonds. That's why the human body stores fat
as an energy source. When it needs extra fuel, your body breaks down the fat and uses the energy.
Where one molecule of sugar only gives a small amount of energy (4 kcal/g), a fat molecule gives off
many times more (9 kcal/g)
Steroids
Steroids occur in animals in something called hormones. The basis of a
steroid molecule is a four-ring structure, one with five carbons and three
with six carbons in the rings. You may have heard of steroids in the news.
Many body builders and athletes use anabolic steroids to build muscle mass.
The steroids make their body want to add more muscle than they normally
would be able to. The body builders wind up stronger and bulkier (but not
faster). The testosterone is the most abundant and important steroid in the
body, especially in the males. (4)
REFERENCES:
1. WATER:
Balch, P.A., Balch, J.F. “Prescription for nutritional healing”. Avery Publishing Group. New
York, USA, 2005.Second Edition.
2. AMINO ACIDS:
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_aminoacid.html
2. BIOMOLECULES:
http://library.thinkquest.org/12090/proteins.html
2. PROTEINS:
http://www.users.csbsju.edu/~hjakubow/classes/rasmolchime/welcome/librarymainmenu.ht
ml
3.CARBOHIDRATES:
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/macromol/sld005.htm
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=61
4. LIPIDS:
http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/FOOD/resources/food.for.thought/explainers/fat.facts.ht
ml
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THE FINAL TEST WILL PROBABLY CONTAIN SOME OF THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS:
DON’T FORGET: THIS DOCUMENT DOESN’T NEED TO BE DONE BY COMPUTER. YOUR
ANSWERS DON’T NEED TO BE PRINTED.
1. You will usually find carbohydrates in...
Proteins
a) Starches
b) Nucleotides
c) Waxes
2. In animals, if an organism eats too many carbohydrates, those carbohydrates can be
converted into...
d) Facts
e) Amino acids
f) Enzymes
g) None of the above
3. Proteins are made of what smaller pieces?
h) Carbohydrates
i) Amino acids
j) Lipids
4. Are all of the main amino acids found in all human proteins?
k) True
l) False
5. Which of these terms are used to describe amino acid chains in proteins?
m) Dipeptide
n) Oligopeptide
o) Polypeptide
p) All of the above
6. Structural proteins can be easily dissolved in water.
q) True
r) False
7. Which of these is not a protein?
s) Hemoglobin
t) Insulin
u) Hair
v) All are Proteins
8. Which of these is considered to be a type of lipid?
w) Fatty acid
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x) Steroid
y) Triacylglycerol
z) All of the above
9. Waxes are a type of lipid you can find created by several species.
aa) True
bb) False
10. 'Table sugar' is which type of sugar?
cc) Fructosa
dd) Galactose
ee) Glucose
ff) Sucrose
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