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French Lesson Summary The French pronouns. Direct object pronouns Indirect object pronouns Stress pronouns I me me moi You te te toi He / She le / la lui lui / elle We nous nous nous You nous vous vous They les leur eux / elles I want to The determinant of the object So the right replace a : is: pronoun is : Le, la, les or an equivalent (possessive adjectives (mon), demonstrative adj. (ce)) Un, une, des DIRECT OBJECT Examples : LE / LA / LES Je regarde la mer. me / te / nous / vous Je la regarde. EN Il mange des fruits. Partitive (du, de la, de l’) Il en mange. Expression of quantity EN (numbers, trop de…, un verre de…, etc…) + Il boit trop de vin. Il en boit trop. expression of quantity Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. I want to The replace a : preposition is: à It is : So the right pronoun is : Examples : Animate (person, animal, …) LUI / LEUR Il parle à Pierre. Animate (person, animal, …) INDIRECT OBJECT de me / te / nous / vous DE STRESSED pronoun Animate (person, animal, …) Vous parlez de Paul. + Inanimated (thing, idea,…) Other prepositions Il lui parle. Vous parlez de lui. Vous parlez de votre examen. EN Vous en parlez. PREPOSITION Il discute avec Jacques. + STRESSED pronoun Il discute avec lui. http://www.class.uh.edu/mcl/ta/vandermaliere/Copiepronomsexplication.htm Ier GROUPE - E - ES - E (90% de tous les verbes français) - ER - ONS - EZ - ENT PARLER je PARLE tu PARLES il, elle PARLE nous PARLONS vous PARLEZ ils, elles PARLENT IIème GROUPE - IR - + -ISS IS IS IT FINIR - ISSONS - ISSEZ - ISSENT je FINIS tu FINIS il, elle FINIT nous FINISSONS vous FINISSEZ ils, elles FINISSENT Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. comme des verbes en anglais en – ish finir, punir, démolir, fleurir, polir - dérivés des adjectifs blachir, brunir, jaunir, rougir, pâlir, vieillir, grandir, grossir, maigrir - d’autres verbes choisir, obéir, réfléchir, remplir - 1) -endre -ondre verbes en –endre et – ondre je vends tu vends il, elle vend nous vendons vous vendez ils vendent entendre, confondre, rendre, attendre, perdre, répondre, descendre, défendre, tendre MAIS! PRENDRE COMPRENDRE APPRENDRE je prends tu prends il, elle prend nous prenons vous prenez ils, elles prennent 2) - IR a) verbes en – ir (sans –iss) DORMIR je dors tu dors il, elle dort nous dormons vous dormez ils dorment courir, partir, sortir, servir, mentir, sentir b) mourir je meurs tu meurs il, elle meurt nous mourons vous mourez ils, elles meurent venir, tenir je viens (tiens) tu viens (tiens) il, elle vient (tient) nous venons (tenons) vous venez (tenez) ils, elles viennent (tiennent) c) les verbes OUVRIR, COUVRIR, OFFRIR, SOUFFRIR se conjuguent comme les verbes du 1ergroup Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. je couvre (ouvre, offre, souffre) nous couvrons (ouvrons, offrons, souffrons) 3) -OIR verbes en - oir a) apercevoir recevoir devoir savoir j’aperçois, nous apercevons, ils aperçoivent je reçois, nous recevons, ils reçoivent je dois, nous devons, ils doivent je sais, nous savons, ils savent b) pouvoir vouloir valoir je peux, nous pouvons, ils peuvent je veux, nous voulons, ils veulent je vaux, nous valons, ils valent c) falloir pleuvoir il faut il pleut http://fr.tsedryk.ca/grammaire/present_imperatif/IIIgr.htm http://www.happychild.org.uk/freeway/french/index.htm -> Keren dan lengkap. Saking lengkapnya gak muat dijadiin satu tabel doang. Haha.. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. http://www.leconjugueur.com/uklestemps.php Tableau de verbes français (French Verb Timeline) Ce tableau vous aidera à comprendre les temps et les modes de verbes français. (This timeline will help you understand French verb tenses and moods.) M O D E PERSONNEL* Indicatif F futur U T U futur antérieur R IMPERSONNEL* Subjonctif Impératif Conditionnel Infinitif Participe (subjonctif) (impératif) (conditionnel) inf. futur part. futur PRÉSENT subjonctif impératif imparfait [imparfait du subjonctif] P passé composé A S [passé simple] S É plus-que-parfait [passé antérieur] subjonctif passé [plus-queparfait du subjonctif] conditionnel infinitif part. présent cond. passé imp. passé inf. passé F U T U R participe passé [cond. passé 2] Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. P A S S É * Les modes personnels se conjuguent pour les différents sujets, tandis que les modes impersonnels n'ont qu'une seule forme. Les (parenthèses) indiquent des formes au présent des verbes qui peuvent aussi marquer le futur. Les formes en [crochets] sont l'équivalent littéraire du verbe dans la boîte en dessus (par exemple, le passé simple est l'équivalent littéraire du passé composé). (*Personal moods have different conjugations for different subjects, whereas impersonal moods have only one form. The (parentheses) indicate present tense verb forms which are also used as future forms. Verb forms in [brackets] are the literary equivalent of the verb form in the box directly above (e.g., the simple past is the literary equivalent of the compound past).) Présent French Present Tense The French present tense, called le présent or le présent de l'indicatif, is quite similar in usage to the English present tense. Le présent is used to express: I. Current actions and situations Je suis fatigué. Nous allons au marché. II. I am tired. We are going to the market. Habitual actions Il va à l'école tous les jours. He goes to school every day. Je visite des musées le samedi. I visit museums on Saturdays. III. Absolute and general truths La terre est ronde. L'éducation est importante. IV. Actions which will occur immediately J'arrive ! Il part tout de suite. V. The earth is round. Education is important. I'll be right there! He is leaving right away. Conditions in si clauses Si je peux, j'irai avec toi. If I can, I will go with you. Le présent has three different English equivalents. The English helping verbs to be and to do are not translated into the French present tense. I eat. I am eating. } Je mange. I do eat. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. If you want to emphasize the fact that something is happening right now, you can use the conjugated verb être + en train de + infinitive: I am eating right now. I'm in the process of eating. } Je suis en train de manger. To learn how to conjugate verbs in the présent and then to test yourself, please see these related lessons: There are five main kinds of verbs in French: regular -ER, -IR, -RE; stem-changing; and irregular. Once you've learned the rules of conjugation for each of the first three kinds of verbs, you should have no problem conjugating regular verbs in each of those categories. The majority of French verbs are regular -ER verbs - see the next page for a list of some common -ER verbs. The verb form that ends in -ER is called the infinitive (in English, the infinitive is the verb preceded by the word "to"), and -ER is the infinitive ending. The verb with the infinitive ending removed is called the stem or radical. To conjugate -ER verbs, remove the infinitive ending to find the stem and add the endings in the table below. French regular -ER verb conjugations To conjugate an -ER verb in the present tense, remove the infinitive ending and then add the appropriate endings. For example, here are the present tense conjugations for the regular -ER verbs parler (to speak), donner (to give), and visiter (to visit): Pronoun parler > parl- donner > donn- visiter > visit- je Ending -e parle donne visite tu -es parles donnes visites il -e parle donne visite nous -ons parlons donnons visitons vous -ez parlez donnez visitez ils -ent parlent donnent visitent Regular -ER verbs share conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods. There are five main kinds of verbs in French: regular -ER, -IR, -RE; stem-changing; and irregular. Once you've learned the rules of conjugation for each of the first three kinds of verbs, you should have no problem conjugating regular verbs in each of those categories. Regular -IR verbs are the second largest category of French verbs- see the next page for a list of some common -IR verbs. The verb form that ends in -IR is called the infinitive (in English, the infinitive is the verb preceded by the word "to"), and -IR is the infinitive ending. The verb with the infinitive ending removed is called the stem or radical. To conjugate -IR verbs, remove the infinitive ending to find the stem and add the endings in the table below. French regular -IR verb conjugations To conjugate an -IR verb in the present tense, remove the infinitive ending and then add the appropriate endings. For example, here are the present tense conjugations for the regular -IR verbs choisir (to choose), finir (to finish), and réussir (to succeed): Pronoun choisir > chois- finir > fin- réussir > réuss- je Ending -is choisis finis réussis tu -is choisis finis réussis il -it choisit finit réussit nous -issons choisissons finissons réussissons vous -issez choisissez finissez réussissez ils -issent choisissent finissent réussissent Regular -IR verbs share conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. There are five main learned the rules of conjugating regular - see the next page kinds of verbs in French: regular -ER, -IR, -RE; stem-changing; and irregular. Once you've conjugation for each of the first three kinds of verbs, you should have no problem verbs in each of those categories. The smallest category of regular French verbs -RE verbs for a list of some common -RE verbs. The verb form that ends in -RE is called the infinitive (in English, the infinitive is the verb preceded by the word "to"), and -RE is the infinitive ending. The verb with the infinitive ending removed is called the stem or radical. To conjugate -RE verbs, remove the infinitive ending to find the stem and add the endings in the table below. French regular -RE verb conjugations To conjugate an -RE verb in the present tense, remove the infinitive ending and then add the appropriate endings. For example, here are the present tense conjugations for the regular -RE verbs descendre (to descend), perdre (to lose), and vendre (to sell): Pronoun Ending descendre > descend- perdre > perd- vendre > vend- je -s descends perds vends tu -s descends perds vends il - descend perd vend nous -ons descendons perdons vendons vous -ez descendez perdez vendez ils -ent descendent perdent vendent Regular -RE verbs share conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods. French Past Perfect - Pluperfect Plus-que-parfait By Laura K. Lawless, About.com The French past perfect, or pluperfect, is used to indicate an action in the past that occurred before another action in the past. The latter can be either mentioned in the same sentence or implied. Il n'avait pas mangé (avant de faire ses devoirs). He hadn't eaten (before doing his homework). J'ai fait du shopping ce matin ; j'avais déjà fait la lessive. I went shopping this morning; I had already done the laundry. J'étais déjà sorti (quand tu as téléphoné). I had already left (when you called). Nous voulions te parler parce que nous ne t'avions pas vu hier. We wanted to talk to you because we didn't see you yesterday. The pluperfect is also used in si clauses to express a hypothetical situation in the past contrary to what actually happened: Si tu m'avais demandé, j'aurais répondu. If you had asked me, I would have answered. Nous y serions allés si nous avions su. We would have gone if we had known. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Passé simple French Simple Past The passé simple (simple past or preterite) is the literary equivalent of the passé composé, which means that it is used only in formal writing (e.g., historical and literary writing) and very formal speech. In such writing and speech, the passé simple is used alongside l'imparfait, just as in everyday speech/writing, the passé composé and imparfait are used together. You will probably never need to actually use the passé simple, but it is important and easy to recognize it. (My high school French teacher told me that if a verb looked weird, it was probably in the passé simple. :-) The passé simple of -ER verbs is formed by dropping the -er and adding the passé simple endings: Singular Plural je -ai nous -âmes 2nd person tu -as vous -âtes 3rd person il -a ils -èrent 1st person Thus to conjugate parler, you would remove the -er to find the radical parl- and then add the appropriate endings: PARLER Singular Plural 1st person je parlai nous parlâmes 2nd person tu parlas vous parlâtes 3rd person il ils parlèrent parla All -er verbs (including aller) are conjugated according to this pattern, except for irregularities in verbs that end in -ger and -cer: MANGER LANCER je mangeai nous mangeâmes je lançai nous lançâmes tu mangeas vous mangeâtes tu lanças vous lançâtes il mangea ils mangèrent il lança ils lancèrent Because a g or a c followed by an a would make a hard g or c sound (like in gave or cave), an e has to be added after the g and the c has to change to a ç in the imparfait du subjonctif to keep the g soft (like in gel) and the c soft (as in cell). These are known as spelling-change verbs. Regular -IR and -RE verbs have the following endings: Singular Plural je -is nous -îmes 2nd person tu -is vous -îtes 3rd person il -it ils -irent 1st person Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Remove the -ir or -re and add the passé simple endings to get: FINIR RENDRE je finis nous finîmes je rendis nous rendîmes tu finis vous finîtes tu rendis vous rendîtes il finit finirent il rendit rendirent ils ils Passé composé - French Compound Past Tense The most common French past tense By Laura K. Lawless, About.com The passé composé is the most common French past tense, often used in conjunction with the imperfect. The passé composé can express any of the following: An action completed in the past As-tu étudié ce weekend ? Did you study this weekend? Ils ont déjà mangé. They have already eaten. An action repeated a number of times in the past Oui, j'ai mangé cinq fois hier. Yes, I did eat five times yesterday. Nous avons visité Paris plusieurs fois. We've visited Paris several times. A series of actions completed in the past Quand je suis arrivé, j'ai vu les fleurs. When I arrived, I saw the flowers. Samedi, il a vu sa mère, a parlé au médicin et a trouvé un chat. Saturday he saw his mother, talked to the doctor, and found a cat. Related lesson: Repeating auxiliary verbs The passé composé has three possible English equivalents. For example, j'ai dansé can mean 1. 2. 3. I danced (simple past) I have danced (present perfect) I did dance (past emphatic) Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. French Imperfect ~ Imparfait Usage Uses | The French imperfect (imparfait) is a descriptive past tense which indicates an ongoing state of being or a repeated or incomplete action. The beginning and end of the state of being or action are not indicated, and the imparfait is very often translated in English as "was" or "was ___-ing." The imperfect can indicate any of the following: I. Habitual actions or states of being Quand j'étais petit, nous allions à la plage chaque semaine. When I was young, we used to go to the beach every week. L'année dernière, je travaillais avec mon père. I worked with my father last year. II. III. IV. V. VI. Physical and emotional descriptions: time, weather, age, feelings Il était midi et il faisait beau. It was noon and the weather was nice. Quand il avait 5 ans, il avait toujours faim. When he was five, he was always hungry. Actions or states of an unspecified duration Je faisais la queue parce que j'avais besoin de billets. I stood in line because I needed tickets. Il espérait te voir avant ton départ. He was hoping to see you before you left. Background information in conjunction with the passé composé J'étais au marché et j'ai acheté des pommes. I was at the market and I bought some apples. Il était à la banque quand il l'a trouvé. He was at the bank when he found it. Wishes or suggestions Ah ! Si j'étais riche ! Oh, if only I were rich! Si nous sortions ce soir ? How about going out tonight? Conditions in si clauses Si j'avais de l'argent, j'irais avec toi. If I had some money, I would go with you. S'il voulait venir, il trouverait le moyen. If he wanted to come, he would find a way. VII. The expressions être en train de and venir de in the past. J'étais en train de faire la vaisselle. I was (in the process of) doing the dishes. Il venait d'arriver. He had just arrived. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. French Imperfect ~ Imparfait Conjugations The imperfect of all verbs—regular and irregular—is formed by dropping the -ons ending from the present indicative nous form of the verb and adding the imparfait endings: je -ais nous -ions tu -ais vous -iez il/elle/on -ait ils/elles -aient Être is the only irregular verb in the imperfect. It has an irregular stem ét- but uses the same endings as all other verbs. Examples of regular and irregular verbs in the imperfect: parler finir rendre aller être je parlais finissais rendais allais étais tu parlais finissais rendais allais étais il parlait finissait rendait allait était nous parlions finissions rendions allions étions vous parliez finissiez rendiez alliez étiez ils parlaient finissaient rendaient allaient étaient As in many other tenses, verbs which end in -cer and -ger have minor spelling changes in the imperfect: MANGER LANCER je mangeais nous mangions je lançais nous lancions tu mangeais vous mangiez tu lançais vous lanciez il ils il lançait ils mangeait mangeaient lançaient Because a g or a c followed by an a would make a hard g or c sound (like in gave or cave), an e has to be added after the g and the c has to change to a ç to keep the g soft (like in gel) and the c soft (as in cell). Note: verbs whose imparfait root ends in an i will end up with double i in the nous and vous form of the imparfait: étudier nous étudions imparfait root = étudiThus: j' étudiais nous étudiions tu étudiais vous étudiiez il ils étudiait étudiaient Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Le Passé - French Past Tenses One of the most striking differences between French and English is in verb tenses. Learning how to use the various past tenses can be very tricky, because English has several tenses which either do not exist in or do not translate literally into French - and vice versa. During the first year of French study, every student becomes aware of the troublesome relationship between the two main past tenses. L'imparfait [je mangeais] translates to the English imperfect [I was eating] while le passé composé [j'ai mangé] literally translates to the English present perfect [I have eaten] but can also be translated as the English simple past [I ate] or the emphatic past [I did eat]. It is extremely important to understand the distinctions between passé composé and imparfait in order to use them correctly and thus express past events accurately. Compare the uses of these two tenses in the following table. Imparfait I. II. An ongoing action with no specified completion Passé composé vs One or more events or actions that began and ended in the past J'allais en France - I was going to France Je suis allé en France - I went to France Je visitais des monuments - I was visiting monuments J'ai visité des monuments - I visited some monuments A habitual or repeated action vs A single event Je voyageais en France tous les ans - I traveled (used to travel) to France every year J'ai voyagé en France l'année dernière I traveled in France last year Je visitais souvent le Louvre - I often visited the Louvre J'ai visité Paris samedi - I visited Paris on Saturday III. Description/background info; set the scene of how things were or what was happening when... (to be + -ing usually indicates this) + J'étais à la banque quand... - I was at the bank when... ... quand Chirac est arrivé. - ... when Chirac arrived. Je vivais en Espagne quand... - I was living in Spain when... ... quand je l'ai trouvé. - ... when I found it. IV. General description of physical or mental state of being vs Change in physical or mental state at a precise moment or for an isolated cause J'avais peur des chiens - I was afraid of dogs V. ...when something happened, interrupting the description/background. J'ai eu peur quand le chien a aboyé - I was scared when the dog barked Expression of the time of day or age in the past Il était cinq heures du matin - It was five a.m. C'était son anniversaire; il avait douze ans - It was his birthday; he was twelve. Thus l'imparfait describes past situations, while le passé composé narrates specific events. In addition, l'imparfait can set the stage for an event expressed with the passé composé (see III, above). Compare the following passages: Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Quand j'avais 15 ans, je voulais être psychiatre. Je m'intéressais à la psychologie parce que je connaissais beaucoup de gens très bizarres. Le week-end, j'allais à la bibliothèque et j'étudiais pendant toute la journée. Un jour, je suis tombé malade et j'ai découvert les miracles de la médecine. J'ai fait la connaissance d'un médecin et j'ai commencé à étudier avec lui. Quand la faculté de médecine m'a accepté, je n'ai plus pensé à la psychologie. When I was 15, I wanted to be a psychiatrist. I was interested in psychology because I knew a lot of really weird people. On the weekends, I used to go to the library and study all day. One day, I got sick and discovered the wonders of medicine. I met a doctor and started studying with him. After the medical school accepted me, I didn't think about psychology any more. The following key words and phrases can help you figure out whether to use l'imparfait or le passé composé: L'imparfait Le passé composé d'habitude usually une/deux (etc.) fois once/twice (etc.) de temps en temps from time to time plusieurs fois several times autrefois formerly soudainement suddenly le week-end on the weekends un week-end one weekend le lundi on Mondays lundi on Monday tous les jours every day un jour one day normalement usually tout d'un coup all of a sudden souvent often en général in general, generally chaque semaine, mois, année... every week, month, year le soir in the evenings Note: There is a third tense, le passé simple, which technically translates to the English simple past tense, but is now used primarily in writing, in place of the passé composé - learn more. All About Si Learn everything about the French word si By Laura K. Lawless, About.com The French word si can be an adverb or a conjunction. Either way, si has several meanings and is used in numerous French constructions. Si = if Si is the French word for "if": Je ne sais pas si je veux y aller I don't know if I want to go Dis-moi si ça te conviendra Tell me if that will work for you Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Et si je ne suis pas fatigué ? And if I'm not tired? Si j'étais riche, j'achèterais une maison If I were rich, I would buy a house (lesson on si clauses) Si = so Si can be used as an intensifier: Je suis si fatigué I'm so tired J'ai si faim I'm so hungry Je ne savais pas qu'il était si mignon I didn't know he was so cute Si = as, so Si can make a comparison: Il n'est pas si intelligent qu'il pense He's not as smart as he thinks Ce n'est pas si facile It's not as easy as that, It's not that easy Si = while, whereas Si can put two clauses in opposition: S'il est beau, sa femme est laide Whereas he is handsome, his wife is ugly Si tu es gentil, ton frère est méchant You're kind, while your brother is mean Si = however, no matter how Si can be followed by a subjunctive clause to express a concession: Si beau qu'il fasse, je ne peux pas sortir No matter how nice the weather is, I can't go out Si gentil que tu sois, je ne t'aime pas However kind you are, I don't love you Si = yes Si means "yes" in response to a negative question or statement: Tu ne vas pas venir ? Si (je vais venir) You're not going to come? Yes (I am going to come) N'as-tu pas d'argent ? Si, j'en ai Don't you have any money? Yes, I do Jeanne n'est pas prête. Si, si ! Jeanne isn't ready. Yes (she is / I am)! Si = did I hear correctly, is this what you're asking? If someone asks a question and you're not sure (or can't believe) you heard correctly, you can request confirmation or clarification by repeating what you did hear with the word si: Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Si j'ai faim ? (Are you asking) if I'm hungry? (You couldn't really hear the question) Si je veux quoi ? You're asking if I want what? (You're not sure you heard correctly; you heard "Do you want a free TV?") Si j'ai combien d'enfants ? You're asking if I have how many kids? (You didn't hear "how many," or you heard "Do you have 7 kids?") Et si = what if, how about In informal French, et si is often tacked on the beginning of a suggestion (with the verb in the imperfect): Et si on allait au ciné ? How about going to the movies? Et si tu amenais ton frère ? Why don't you bring your brother? Et si on parlait d'amour ? What if we talked about love? French future perfect Futur antérieur By Laura K. Lawless, About.com The French future perfect is most commonly used like the English future perfect: to describe an action that will have happened or will be finished by a specific point in the future. J'aurai mangé à midi. I will have eaten at noon. Quand tu arriveras, il l'aura déjà fait. When you arrive, he will already have done it. Elle lui aura parlé demain. She will have talked to him (by) tomorrow. Dans un mois, nous serons partis. In a month, we will have left. There are three uses of the French future perfect that don't correspond to the English future perfect: 1. In subordinate clauses that begin with the conjunctions aussitôt que, dès que, lorsque, quand, une fois que, and après que, the future perfect is used to express a future action which will be completed before the action in the main clause. In English, a present tense or past tense would be used here. Quand je serai descendu, tu pourras me le montrer. When I have come down, you can show it to me. Nous le ferons aussitôt qu'elle sera arrivée. We'll do it as soon as she arrives / has arrived. 2. The future perfect can make simple assumptions regarding past events, where the English modal verb "must" would be used in conjunction with the past perfect: Pierre n'est pas ici ; il aura oublié. Pierre isn't here; he must have forgotten. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Luc est heureux ; il aura gagné. Luc is happy; he must have won. 3. In historical narratives, the events of a person's life can be described with the future perfect even though those events have long since passed. In English, these might be translated by a past tense or conditional: Napoléon aura pris une décision importante. Napoleon made / would make an important decision. George Sand aura écrit le roman La Mare au Diable en quatre jours. George Sand wrote / would go on to write the novel La Mare au Diable in four days. Futur - French Future Tense Conjugations The future and conditional are, in my opinion, the simplest French tenses. There is only one set of endings for each of them, and most verbs - even many which are irregular in the present tense - use their infinitive as the root. To form the future tense of -ER and -IR verbs, add the appropriate ending to the infinitive. For -RE verbs, drop the final E before adding the ending. Singular Plural 1st person je -ai nous -ons 2nd person tu -as vous -ez 3rd person il -a ils -ont The only irregular future conjugations occur in about two dozen verbs which have irregular stems but use the same future endings listed above. Here are the French verbs with irregular conditional stems:* Verb Future stem Similar verbs acheter achèter- achever, amener, emmener, lever, promener appeler appeller- épeler, jeter, projeter, rappeler aller ir- avoir aur- devoir devr- envoyer enverressayer essaierêtre ser- faire fer- employer, ennuyer, nettoyer, payer pleuvoir pleuvrpouvoir pourr- savoir saur- venir viendr- revenir, devenir, parvenir voir verr- revoir Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. vouloir voudr- *Notes: 1. 2. The exact same verbs are irregular in conditional conjugations. The future stem always ends in R. Here are examples of -ER, -IR, -RE, and irregular verbs in the future tense: parler choisir rendre aller je parlerai choisirai rendrai irai tu parleras choisiras rendras iras il/elle/on parlera choisira rendra ira nous parlerons choisirons rendrons irons vous parlerez choisirez rendrez irez ils/elles parleront choisiront rendront iront Futur - French Future Tense Using the French Future In French, there are two ways to express an event that will occur in the future: le futur and le futur proche. Le futur is used for upcoming events. It is usually translated as will. J'irai au magasin demain - I will go to the store tomorrow. Ils mangeront sur l'avion - They will eat on the plane. After après que (after), aussitôt que (as soon as), dès que (as soon as), espérer que (to hope that), lorsque (when), quand (when), and une fois que (once), when the action of the verb is in the future, the future tense is used in French, whereas in English the present tense is used. Quand il arrivera, nous mangerons. - When he arrives, we will eat. Je vous téléphonerai dès que je pourrai. - I'll call you as soon as I can. Quand vs Lorsque All about conjunctions Le futur can also be used in si clauses. Si j'ai le temps, je le ferai - If I have time, I will do it. Je le ferai si j'ai le temps - I will do it if I have time. In journalism and other factual narration, the future is often used even though the events are in the past. Né en Martinique, Aimé Césaire étudiera à Paris et redécouvrira l'Afrique - Born in Martinique, Aimé Césaire studied in Paris and rediscovered Africa. Le futur is used for polite orders and requests, in place of the vous form of the imperative - learn more. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Le futur proche is used when the upcoming event is to occur in the near future. It is usually translated as going to. It is formed by simply conjugating the verb aller (to go) and adding the infinitive of the action that is about to occur. Je vais aller au magasin - I'm going to go to the store Ils vont manger dans 5 minutes - They are going to eat in 5 minutes The distinction between le futur and le futur proche is not always clear - there are many situations where you can use either one. French Demonstrative Adjectives Adjectifs démonstratifs (halaman 49 Campus 1) Demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, those) are words which indicate a specific noun. In French, they must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify: singular plural masculine ce ces masc before vowel cet ces feminine ces cette Ce becomes cet in front of a masculine noun that begins with a vowel or mute h (learn more): c' is not a demonstrative adjective. Ces is the only plural demonstrative adjective: cettes does not exist. Ce prof parle trop. This (That) teacher talks too much. Cet homme est sympa. This (That) man is nice. Cet étudiant comprend. This (That) student understands. Cette fille est perdue. This (That) girl is lost. Ces livres sont stupides. These (Those) books are stupid. The singular demonstrative adjectives ce, cet, and cette can all mean this or that, depending on the context; the plural ces can mean these or those. In order to distinguish between this and that, these and those, you can use the suffixes -ci (here) and -là (there). Ce prof-ci parle trop. This teacher talks too much. Ce prof-là est sympa. That teacher is nice. Cet étudiant-ci comprend. This student understands. Cette fille-là est perdue. That girl is lost. Ces fleurs-ci sont plus jolies que ces fleurs-là. These flowers are prettier than those flowers. French Possession Learn the four ways to express possession in French There are four grammatical constructions used to express possession in French: Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. 1. 2. 3. 4. possessive possessive possessive possessive de à adjectives pronouns The following is a summary of the different French constructions used to express possession, with links to detailed information. Possessive de The preposition de is used with a noun or a name in place of the 's or s' in English. John's book - le livre de Jean the girls' room - la chambre des filles Possessive à The preposition à is used with the verb être in front of stressed pronouns. This construction emphasizes the ownership of the object. The book is his - Le livre est à lui It's a book of his - C'est un livre à lui Possessive adjectives (lihat halaman 54 Campus 1) Possessive adjectives are the words used in place of articles to indicate to whom or to what something belongs. The English equivalents are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. It's his book - C'est son livre Here's your book - Voici ton livre Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns are the words which replace a possessive adjective + noun. The English equivalents are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs. This book... is it yours or his ? - Ce livre... c'est le tien ou le sien ? French Direct and indirect speech Discours direct et indirect In French, there are two different ways to express the words of another person: direct speech (or direct style) and indirect speech (indirect style). Direct speech is very simple: the exact words of the original speaker are reported in quotes. Paul dit : « J'aime les fraises ». Paul says, "I like strawberries." Lise répond : « Jean les déteste ». Lisa replies, "Jean hates them." « Jean est stupide » déclare Paul.* "Jean is stupid" Paul declares. *Inversion with direct speech Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. In indirect speech, the original speaker's words are reported without quotes in a subordinate clause (introduced by que). Paul dit qu'il aime les fraises. Paul says that he loves strawberries. Lise répond que Jean les déteste. Lisa replies that Jean hates them. Paul déclare que Jean est stupide. Paul declares that Jean is stupid. There are many verbs (called reporting verbs) that can be used to introduce indirect speech: affirmer to assert ajouter to add annoncer to announce crier to shout déclarer to declare dire to say expliquer to explain insister to insist prétendre to claim proclamer to proclaim répondre to answer soutenir to maintain Indirect speech tends to be more complicated than direct speech, because it requires certain changes (in both English and French). Go on to Part II. French Indirect Speech Discours indirect Indirect speech is more complicated than direct speech, because it requires certain grammatical changes (in both English and French). 1. Personal pronouns and possessives may need to be changed: DS David déclare : « Je veux voir ma mère ». David declares, "I want to see my mother." IS David déclare qu'il veut voir sa mère. David declares that he wants to see his mother. 2. Verb conjugations need to change to agree with the new subject: DS David déclare : « Je veux voir ma mère ». David declares, "I want to see my mother." IS David declares that he wants to see his mother. David déclare qu'il veut voir sa mère. 3. In the above examples, there is no change in tenses because the statements are in the present. However, if the main clause is in the past tense, the verb tense of the subordinate clause may also need to change: Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. DS David a déclaré : « Je veux voir ma mère ». David declared, "I want to see my mother." IS David declared that he wanted to see his mother. David a déclaré qu'il voulait voir sa mère. The following chart shows the correlation between verb tenses in direct and indirect speech; use it to determine how to rewrite direct speech as indirect speech or vice versa. Présent/Imparfait to Imparfait is by far the most common - you don't need to worry too much about the rest. Main verb Subordinate verb may change... Direct speech A U P A S S É «-» Indirect speech Présent or Imparfait Imparfait Passé composé or Plus-que-parfait Plus-que-parfait Futur or Conditionnel Conditionnel Futur antérieur or Conditionnel passé Conditionnel passé Subjonctif Subjonctif Au présent no change Inversion - Uses of French Inversion In French, the normal order of words is subject (noun or pronoun) + verb: Il doit. Inversion is when the normal word order is inverted to verb + subject and, in the case of a pronoun being inverted, joined by a hyphen: Doit-il. There are a number of different uses of inversion. I. II. Interrogation - Inversion is commonly used to ask questions. Mangeons-nous de la salade ? Are we eating salad? A-t-il un ami à la banque ?* Does he have a friend at the bank? Incidental clauses - Inversion is required when using a short clause to offset speech or thought. A. Direct speech - Verbs like to say, to ask, and to think that set off direct speech. B. « Je vois, dit-il, que c'était une bonne idée ».* "I see," he says, "that it was a good idea." « Avez-vous un stylo ? » a-t-elle demandé. "Do you have a pen?" she asked. Remarks, thoughts - Verbs like to appear and to seem used to set off remarks or thoughts. Ils ont, paraît-il, d'autres choses à faire. They have, it appears, other things to do. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Anne était, me semble-t-il, assez nerveuse. Anne was, it seems to me, rather nervous. III. Adverbs and adverbial phrases - When found at the beginning of a clause, inversion varies according to the specific adverb. A. Required inversion - After à peine, aussi, du moins, rarement, toujours (only with être), and vainement B. C. IV. Toujours est-il qu'elles doivent lire ces articles. Nevertheless, they need to read these articles./ The fact remains that they need to.../ Be that as it may, they still need to... C'est cher ; du moins fait-il du bon travail. It's expensive, (but) at least he does good work. Inversion or que - Must use one or the other after combien + adverb, peut-être, and sans doute Sans doute avez-vous faim/ Sans doute que vous avez faim. Of course you must be hungry. Peut-être étudient-ils à la bibliothèque/ Peut-être qu'ils étudient à la bibliothèque. Maybe they're studying at the library. Optional inversion - After the adverbs ainsi, en vain, and (et) encore Ainsi a-t-elle trouvé son chien/ Ainsi elle a trouvé son chien. That's how she found her dog. En vain ont-ils cherché son portefeuille/ En vain ils ont cherché son portefeuille. In vain, they searched for his wallet. Miscellaneous - Inversion is optional in the following structures: A. Relative pronouns - When a noun phrase follows a relative pronoun. B. C. Voici le livre dont dépendent mes amis Luc et Michel./ Voici le livre dont mes amis Luc et Michel dépendent. Here's the book upon which my friends depend. Here's the book that my friends depend on. Ce qu'ont fait les enfants de Sylvie est terrible./ Ce que les enfants de Sylvie ont fait est terrible. What Sylvie's kids did is terrible. Comparisons - After the que in a comparison, especially with a noun phrase. Il est plus beau que n'avait pensé la soeur de Lise./* Il est plus beau que la soeur de Lise n'avait pensé. He is more handsome than Lise's sister had thought. C'est moins cher que n'ont dit les étudiants de M. Sibek./ C'est moins cher que les étudiants de M. Sibek n'ont dit. It's cheaper than Mr. Sibek's students said. Emphasis - Subject and verb may be inverted to emphasize the subject (rare) Sonnent les cloches./ Les cloches sonnent. The bells are ringing. A été indiquée la prononciation des mots difficiles./ The pronunciation of difficult words has been indicated. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. La prononciation des mots difficiles a été indiquée. * Notes 1. Third person singular - If the verb ends in a vowel, t- must be placed between the verb and pronoun for euphony. Parle-t-on allemand ici ? Does anyone speak German here? Peut-être a-t-il trouvé mon sac à dos. Maybe he found my backpack. 2. Incidental clauses and French punctuation 3. Optional inversion - Generally speaking, use inversion for formality, avoid it for familiarity (see I, III B, III C, and IV, above). 4. Ne explétif - The ne used in comparisons (IV B) 5. Pronouns only - Normally only pronouns can be inverted. When the subject is a noun, you must add a pronoun for the inversion.** Est-ce possible ? Ce projet, est-ce possible ? À peine est-il arrivé... À peine mon frère est-il arrivé... ** Exceptions: In the following cases, a noun may be inverted, but the inversion is not joined by a hyphen. a. In direct speech (II A): If the verb is in the present tense, the noun/name and verb can be inverted. « Je vois, dit Jacques, que c'était une bonne idée ». "I see," Jacques says, "that it was a good idea." b. For formality (IV): noun clauses may be inverted to make the sentence more formal. 6. Liaisons are required between inverted subjects and verbs. French Relative Pronouns Pronoms relatifs Just as in English, a French relative pronoun links a dependent/relative clause (i.e., a clause that cannot stand alone) to a main clause. Que, qui, lequel, dont, and où are the French relative pronouns. There are no standard translations for these words; depending on context, the English equivalents are who, whom, that, which, whose, where, or when. Note that in French, relative pronouns are required, whereas in English, they are sometimes optional. Que replaces the direct object (person or thing) in the dependent clause. J'ai acheté le livre. Ma soeur l'a écrit. J'ai acheté le livre que ma soeur a écrit. - I bought the book (that) my sister wrote. Qui est le peintre ? Je l'ai vu aujourd'hui. Qui est le peintre que j'ai vu aujourd'hui ? - Who is the painter (that) I saw today? Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Qui replaces the subject (person or thing) in the dependent clause. Note that qui does not always translate as "who." Je cherche l'artiste. Il étudie à Paris. Je cherche l'artiste qui étudie à Paris. I'm looking for the artist (who is) studying in Paris. Trouvez le chat. Il habite dans la cave. Trouvez le chat qui habite dans la cave. Find the cat that lives in the basement. Qui also replaces an indirect object (person only) after a preposition (except de - see dont), including prepositions which are required after a given verb or expression. C'est la femme avec qui je travaille. - That's the woman with whom I work. (That's the woman I work with.) La fille à qui j'ai parlé est très sympathique. - The girl to whom I spoke is very nice. (The girl [that] I spoke to...) L'étudiant contre qui je me suis assis... - The student next to whom I sat... (The student [that] I sat next to...) Lequel or one of its variations replaces an object of a preposition (thing only; except de - see dont). Le livre dans lequel j'ai écrit mon nom... - The book in which I wrote my name... Les idées auxquelles j'ai pensé... - The ideas that I thought about... More about lequel Dont replaces the person or thing after de Où est le reçu ? J'ai besoin du reçu. Où est le reçu dont j'ai besoin ? - Where is the receipt (that) I need? C'est la femme. J'ai parlé de la femme. C'est la femme dont j'ai parlé. - That's the woman (that) I talked about. Dont also indicates possession Voici l'homme. Sa valise est dans la voiture. Voici l'homme dont la valise est dans la voiture. - That's the man whose suitcase is in the car. Où is used for both place and time La boulangerie où j'ai travaillé est à côté de la banque. - The bakery where I worked is next to the bank. (The bakery [that] I worked at...) Lundi, c'est le jour où nous faisons les achats. - Monday is the day that we do our shopping. Prépositions - French Prepositions Prepositions are words which link two related parts of a sentence. They are placed in front of nouns in order to indicate a relationship between that noun and the verb, adjective, or noun that precedes it. These pages will Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. help you to understand French prepositions. Click on the underlined prepositions for specific information about meaning, usage, and more. à to, at, in à côté de next to, beside après after au sujet de about, on the subject of avant before avec with chez at the home/office of, among contre against dans in d'après according to de from, of, about depuis since, for derrière in back of, behind devant in front of durant during, while en in, on, to en dehors de outside of en face de facing, across from entre between envers toward environ approximately hors de outside of jusque until, up to, even loin de far from malgré despite par by, through parmi among pendant during pour for près de near quant à as for, regarding sans without selon according to sous under suivant according to sur on Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. vers toward French Pronouns Les Pronoms Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns. There are a lot of different kinds of pronouns, which can make it very confusing to try to figure out what's what. This summary will give you an idea of the different kinds of French pronouns and includes links to detailed lessons and quizzes. Personal pronouns Don't take it personally - personal simply means that these pronouns change according to the grammatical person that they represent. Subject Direct Object Indirect Object Reflexive Stressed je me* me* me* moi tu te* te* te* toi il elle on le la lui se lui elle soi nous nous nous nous nous vous vous vous vous vous ils elles les leur se eux elles *In the imperative, me and te sometimes change to moi and toi - learn more. Impersonal pronouns These aren't as cold as they sound - impersonal here simply means that these pronouns do not change according to grammatical person; however, some of them change to agree in gender and number with the noun that they replace. Adverbials replace à + noun or de + noun Demonstratives refer to a previously mentioned noun celui, celle, ceux, celles Indefinite Demonstratives have no specific antecedent ce, ceci, cela, ça Indefinites are unspecific autre, certain, plusieurs... Interrogatives ask who, what, or which one qui, que, lequel Negatives negate the noun that they replace ne... personne, ne... rien... Possessives replace possessive adjective + noun mien, tien, sien... Relatives link clauses qui, que, dont... Indefinite Relatives link clauses but are unspecific y, en ce qui, ce que, ce dont... Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Y - French Pronoun French Adverbial Pronouns ~ Pronoms adverbiaux The French adverbial pronouns y and en are so tiny that one might think their role in a sentence is not very important, but in fact quite the opposite is true. They are both extremely important in French. Y refers to a previously mentioned or implied place; it is normally translated by "there" in English. Y usually replaces a prepositional phrase beginning with something like à, chez, or dans. Are you going to the bank today? No, I'm going (there) tomorrow. Tu vas à la banque aujourd'hui ? Non, j'y vais demain. We're going to the store. Do you want to go (there)? Nous allons au magasin. Tu veux y aller ? He was at Jean's house. He was there. Il était chez Jean. Il y était. Note that "there" can often be omitted in English, but y can never be omitted in French. Je vais (I'm going) is not a complete sentence in French; if you don't follow the verb with a place, you have to say J'y vais. Y can also replace à + a noun that is not a person,* such as with verbs that need à. Note that in French, you must include either à + something or its replacement y, even though the equivalent may be optional in English. You cannot replace the noun with an object pronoun. I'm responding to a letter. I'm responding (to it). Je réponds à une lettre. J'y réponds. Wrong: Je réponds, Je la réponds. He's thinking about our trip. He's thinking about it. Il pense à notre voyage. Il y pense. Wrong: Il pense, Il le pense. You have to obey the law. You have to obey it. Tu dois obéir à la loi. Tu dois y obéir. Wrong: Tu dois obéir, Tu dois l'obéir. Yes, I attended the meeting. Yes, I attended (it). Oui, j'ai assisté à la réunion. Oui, j'y ai assisté. Wrong: Oui, j'ai assisté, Oui, je l'ai assisté. I'm going to think about your proposal. I'm going to think about it. Je vais réfléchir à votre proposition. Je vais y réfléchir. Wrong: Je vais réfléchir, Je vais la réfléchir. *À + person may only be replaced by an indirect object. Note that y usually cannot replace à + verb. I hesitate to tell the truth. I hesitate to tell it. J'hésite à dire la vérité. J'hésite à la dire. Wrong: J'y hésite. I continue to read Balzac. I continue to read him. Je continue à lire Balzac. Je continue à le lire. Wrong: J'y continue. Y is also found in the expression il y a Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. En - French Pronoun French Adverbial Pronouns ~ Pronoms adverbiaux The French adverbial pronouns y and en are so tiny that one might think their role in a sentence is not very important, but in fact quite the opposite is true. They are both extremely important in French. En replaces the partitive article + noun or de + indefinite article + noun. It is equivalent to "some," "any," or "one" in English. Do you have any bread? Yes, I have some. As-tu du pain ? Oui, j'en ai. He wants an apple. He wants one. Il a envie d'une pomme. Il en a envie. I don't need an assistant. I don't need one. Je n'ai pas besoin d'un aide. Je n'en ai pas besoin. In a sentence with a modifier, such as an adverb of quantity or a number, plus noun, en replaces the noun and the modifier or number is placed at the end of the sentence. Note that "of it" and "of them" are usually optional in English, but en is required in French. There are a lot of rooms. There are a lot (of them). Il y a beaucoup de chambres. Il y en a beaucoup. I don't have enough money. I don't have enough (of it). Je n'ai pas assez d'argent. Je n'en ai pas assez. I'd like two books. I'd like two (of them). Je voudrais deux livres. J'en voudrais deux. We bought 10 notebooks. We bought 10 (of them). Nous avons acheté 10 cahiers. Nous en avons acheté 10. En also replaces de + noun with verbs and expressions that need de. Again, in French, you must include either de + something or its replacement en, even though "about/of it" is usually optional in English. What do you think about my idea? What do you think (about it)? Que penses-tu de mon idée ? Qu'en penses-tu ? Wrong: Que penses-tu ? What are the consequences of this decision? What are the consequences (of it)? Quelles sont les conséquences de cette décision ? Quelles en sont les conséquences ? Wrong: Quelles sont les conséquences ? Note that en usually cannot replace de + verb. I decided to accept his offer. I decided to accept it. J'ai décidé d'accepter son offre. J'ai décidé de l'accepter. Wrong: J'en ai décidé. I forgot to wash the car. I forgot to wash it. J'ai oublié de laver la voiture. J'ai oublié de la laver. Wrong: J'en ai oublié. Note that en is also a preposition. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. All about Faire Everything you need to know about the irregular French verb faire By Laura K. Lawless, About.com Faire is one of the most common French verbs. It is irregular in conjugation and literally means "to do" or "to make." Faire is also used in numerous idiomatic expressions and in the causative construction. To Do / To Make Faire means "to do" and "to make" in most senses that these verbs are used in English: Je fais la lessive - I'm doing the laundry Je fais mes devoirs - I'm doing my homework Je fais du bricolage - I do odd jobs / DIY Je fais un gâteau - I'm making a cake Je fais des projets - I'm making plans Je fais des progrès - I'm making progress Notes When "to make" is followed by an adjective, it is translated by rendre: That makes me happy - Ça me rend heureux "To make a decision" is translated by prendre une décision: I made a decision - J'ai pris une décision Lesson on translating "to make" Expressions with Faire Faire is used in a number of idiomatic expressions, including some related to weather, sports, and math. Il fait du soleil - It's sunny Il fait froid - It's cold out. Je fais du ski - I ski. Je fais du golf - I golf. Deux et deux font quatre - Two plus two equals (makes) four. Je fais de l'autostop - I'm hitchhiking. Il fait à sa tête - He acts impulsively. Ça fait parti de notre projet - That's part of our plan. Causative The causative construction faire + infinitive is used to describe when someone/something has something done, makes someone do something, or causes something to happen. Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain. Je fais laver la voiture - I'm having the car washed. Il m'a fait laver la voiture - He made me wash the car. Le froid fait geler l'eau - Cold makes water freeze. Conjugations Present tense je fais tu fais il fait nous faisons vous faites ils font Present Future Imperfect Present participle je fais ferai faisais faisant tu fais feras faisais il fait fera faisait nous faisons ferons faisions Auxiliary verb avoir vous faites ferez faisiez Past participle fait ils font feront faisaient Passé composé Subjunctive Conditional Passé simple Imperfect subjunctive je fasse ferais fis fisse tu fasses ferais fis fisses il fasse ferait fit fît nous fassions ferions fîmes fissions vous fassiez feriez fîtes fissiez ils fassent feraient firent fissent Imperative (tu) fais Faire is irregular and is one of the most common French verbs (nous) faisons (vous) faites http://french.about.com/library/bl_timelinee.htm Link internet SELALU ada di bagian bawah dari materi yang dilihat, kecuali dijelaskan lain.