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#: _____ Scientist’s Name: ________________________ Ecology Interrelationships Biogeochemical Cycles Biomes Energy Flow Effects of Humans/Natural Disasters Chapters 2, 3, 4 & 5 (Textbook) Sections 18-21(DaBook) 3. Investigate and evaluate the interaction between living organisms and their environment. a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of the world’s major biomes (e.g., deserts, tundra, taiga, grassland, temperate forest, tropical rainforest). (DOK 2) Plant and animal species Climate (temperature and rainfall) Adaptations of organisms b. Provide examples to justify the interdependence among environmental elements. (DOK 2) Biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem (e.g., water, carbon, oxygen, mold, leaves) Energy flow in ecosystems (e.g., energy pyramids and photosynthetic organisms to herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers) Roles of beneficial bacteria Interrelationships of organisms (e.g., cooperation, predation, parasitism, commensalism, symbiosis, and mutualism) c. Examine and evaluate the significance of natural events and human activities on major ecosystems (e.g., succession, population growth, technology, loss of genetic diversity, consumption of resources). (DOK 2) BASIC ECOLOGY PPT NOTES What is ecology? _____________ - the scientific________ of _______________ between _____________and their______________, focusing on _________transfer • It is a science of________________. What do you mean by environment? The environment is made up of _____ factors: _________ factors- all ___________ organisms inhabiting the Earth __________ factors- ____________ parts of the environment (i.e.______________, soil, _________, moisture, _____ currents) ____________- any _____________ or _______________form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an_______________. • The ___________ level of organization _______________ -a group of organisms ___ ______ _________living in the same ________ at the same ________ that _____________ & ____________with each other for _____________(ex. food, mates, shelter) _________________- ___________interacting _____________that inhabit a ___________environment and are ____________________. _______________- populations in a ________________ & the __________ factors with which they interact (ex.___________, terrestrial) ________________- life supporting portions of _________composed of air, _______, fresh water, and salt water. • The _____________ level of organization 2 Habitat vs. Niche _________- the ________ a species plays in a community (job) ____________- the _________ in which an organism __________ out its life (address) A __________is determined by the _____________ _____________of an organism, or a____________ __________. _____________ factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that _________ the ____________of organisms in a specific environment. Examples of limiting factors• Amount of _________ • Amount of _________ • _______________________ Feeding Relationships • There are ___ main types of feeding relationships 1. ____________- _____________ 2. ___________- _____________ 3. ___________- _____________ ___________- all _____________ (plants), they trap __________ from the ______ - __________ of the food chain _____________- all________________: they ________ _______ containing the sun’s energy • _____________ • • Carnivores ________________ • Decomposers Herbivores – Eat __________ • ______________ consumers • ________ animals Carnivores - Eat ________ • ______________ – ________ prey animals for food. • _______________ – Feed on ___________, dead animals Omnivores - Eat _______ plants and animals Decomposers • _______________ the complex compounds of ______and decaying plants and animals into simpler _____________ that can be ______________ 3 Symbiotic Relationships ______________- _____ species living ____________ ___ Types of symbiosis: 1. ______________________ 2. ______________________ 3. ______________________ __________________- ____ species ___________ and the other is _________ harmed nor helped Ex. ____________ on a tree, ________ bears and cyanobacteria ____________: A________, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that _______on another plant upon which it __________for mechanical support but ____for______________. Also called aerophyte,___ _______. _______________- _____ species ___________(parasite) and the _________ is __________ (host) • Parasite-______ relationship Ex. lampreys, ___________, fleas, _______, tapeworms _____________- ____________ to _______ species Ex. cleaning _________ and cleaner shrimp, _________ Symbiosis Review Type of relationship Species harmed Species benefits Species neutral 1. 2. 3. Trophic Levels • Each ______ in a food ________is known as a _________ level. • Trophic levels ___________ a feeding ______ in the _________ of _________ and matter in an ecosystem. ____________- the _________ of __________ matter comprising a group of organisms in a habitat. • As you move ___ a food chain, both available _________ & _________ ____________. • _________ is transferred upwards but is _____________ with each transfer. 4 ________ chain- __________ model that shows how matter and __________ move through an ecosystem Draw a sample food chain that you might see in Virginia: include a producer, a primary consumer, a secondary consumer, and a tertiary consumer _____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ Food ______- shows ____ possible feeding ______________ in a community at each _________ level • Represents a ____________ of interconnected food _________ Food chain- just ___ path of energy Food web- ____ possible energy paths Nutrient Cycles or Biogeochemical Cycles Cycling maintains _______________ (balance) in the environment. • ___ cycles to investigate: 1. ________ cycle 2. _________ cycle 3. _____________ cycle ________ cycle- evaporation, _______________, condensation, ________________ _________ cycle- _________________ and ______________ cycle carbon and ___________ through the environment. ___________ cycle___________________ nitrogen (N2) makes up nearly ___ %-___ % of air. Organisms ____ _____ use it in that form. _____________ and ___________ convert nitrogen into ___________ forms. Only in certain ____________ and industrial ______________ can _____ nitrogen. Nitrogen______________ - __________atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ____________(NH4+) which can be _______ to make organic compounds like__________ ________. 5 Nitrogen-fixing_____________: Some live in a ______________ relationship with plants of the ____________family (e.g., soybeans, clover,____________). • Some ____________-fixing bacteria live _______ in the_______. • Nitrogen-fixing ________________are essential to maintaining the fertility of semi-__________ environments like ______ paddies. __________ in food chainsWhile energy ____________ as it moves up the food chain, __________ ___________ in potency. • This is called _________________ ________________ Ex: ______ & Bald ___________ TYPES OF HETEROTROPHS TYPE How does it get its energy? Examples absorbs energy by breaking down organic matter OMNIVORE Humans, bears, crows Eat only plants feed on dead plant and animal remains Cows, rabbits Earthworms, snails, mites, Crabs CARNIVORE PUT THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER FROM LEAST TO MOST COMPLEX BIOSPHERE POPULATION ECOSYSTEM COMMUNITY BIOME _______ _______ ______ ______ _______ ORGANISM ________ TELL HOW A FOOD CHAIN IS DIFFERENT FROM A FOOD WEB FOOD CHAIN FOOD WEB 6 Use the food web to answer the questions. Name a producer in this food web ______________________________________ Name two heterotrophs _____________________________________ _____________________________________ What do you think will happen to the frog population in this community if all the centipedes were killed off by a disease? A. it would increase B. it would decrease C. it wouldn’t change… frogs don’t eat centipedes EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Name the 3 types of SYMBIOSIS TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS DESCRIPTION Relationship in which one organism benefits, but the other in neither helped nor harmed Relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed in some way Relationship in which both organisms benefit BIOGEOCHEMCIAL CYCLES Name 5 biogeochemical cycles: NAME THE CYCLE DESCRIBED: _________________ Cycle in which photosynthesis and cellular respiration participate _________________ Only cycle which does not pass through the atmosphere _________________ Cycle that involves transpiration _________________ Cycle which is dependent on bacteria for nitrogen fixation and denitrification _________________ Process by which water enters the atmosphere from the leaves of plants _________________ Cycle in which volcanic activity and burning fossil fuels plays a role _________________ Another name for the water cycle _________________ Cycle which includes an underground reservoir in the form of fossil fuels 7 NAME THE STEP IN A BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE: _________________ Process in which nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted into ammonia by bacteria that live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes _________________ Process in which soil bacteria convert nitrogen compounds in soil back into nitrogen gas which is released into the atmosphere _________________ Process in which sunlight is used to change atmospheric carbon into biomolecules used for energy by living things _________________ Process in which water evaporates from the surface of plant leaves _________________ Process in which nutrients in dead organisms are returned to the soil _________________ Process in which the break down of sugars in living things returns carbon to the atmosphere as CO 2 _________________ Process in which liquid water changes into gas form _________________ Process in which water vapor (gas) changes into liquid water Name 2 human activities by which carbon can enter the atmosphere as CO2 during the carbon cycle _____________________________ _____________________________ Name 2 NON-human activities by which carbon can enter the atmosphere or oceans during the carbon cycle. ______________________________ _____________________________ Give one way carbon leaves the atmosphere during the carbon cycle. _________________________________ Give 2 ways water enters the atmosphere in the water cycle ____________________ ______________________ Name something humans do to return nitrogen to the soil for the nitrogen cycle. _________________________________ Although almost 80% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas, most living things don’t have the enzymes necessary to use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. Explain how we get the nitrogen we need to make proteins and DNA if we can’t get it from breathing. 8 HUMMINGBIRDS have long bills and feed on the nectar of flowers. FLOWERS are pollinated as hummingbirds move blossom to blossom getting nectar. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? SNAPPING SHRIMP have poor vision. They depend on their goby fish roommate to give the danger signal whenever predators approach. The goby fish guides the snapping back home if they wander too far. GOBY FISH who don't have a place to hide are quickly eaten. They find a Snapping shrimp roommate who digs a hole for both of them to live in. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? TICKS live and feed on other animals. They suck blood from these animals for food. DOGS may pick up ticks from the outdoors. The ticks cause skin irritation on the dogs. The ticks also transmit diseases to the dog that they are carrying. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? RED_CHESTED CUCKOO BIRDS find an unattended robin nest and push out the robin eggs. They then lay their own eggs in the robin’s nest and leave for the robins to incubate the cuckoo eggs. Robin eggs don't hatch, but the cuckoo babies hatch. The robin parents feed and take care of the cuckoo babies. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? 9 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI invade and live in or among roots cells of many plants. The plant provides nutrients to the fungi. The Mycorrhizal fungi help the host PLANT absorb inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. Some mycorrhizal fungi also secrete antibiotics that may help protect their host PLANT from invasion by parasitic fungi and bacteria. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? ATHELETE"S FOOT FUNGUS lives on the skin of humans and feeds on keratin, a protein. Some HUMANS have itchy, cracked skin on their feet that can become infected. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? REMORA use suckers to attach temporarily to large marine animals such as sharks, manta rays, whales, turtles, or large fish The SHARK provides free transportation, protection, and dropped food and feces that the remora feeds on. The host is not injured. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? FUNGI form lichens by living in a close relationship within algae. The fungus provides a protective home for the algae, and gathers mineral nutrients from rainwater and from dissolving the rock underneath. The ALGAE gathers energy from the sun using photosynthesis. Both organisms share their nutrients with each other. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? 10 HONEYGUIDE BIRDS find a bee hive then chatter loudly to attract the Honey badger. They fly toward the hive making sure the badger is following. Upon arrival at the bee hive, the BADGER tears open the hive and feasts on the honey. Then the Honeyguide bird feeds on the remaining wax and larvae. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? SKUNKCABBAGE plants attract flies in cool weather by making heat and provide food to the flies that come. FLIES move from one Skunkcabbage plant to the next feeding and transferring pollen as they go. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? HUMAN INTESTINE provides food for bacteria that live inside digestive system. Beneficial BACTERIA live in the intestine of humans and help digest cellulose from plants which humans don’t have the enzymes to break down. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? KUDZU VINES grow by climbing, and wrapping around trees. Kudzu-covered TREES die as they are smothered and break under the weight of the growing Kudzu vines WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? 11 HERMIT CRABS find shells left by snails that have died and move into them as a new home. Snails die and leave behind their shells. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? GALL INSECT lays their eggs in the leaves or branches of Oak trees causing a lump to form. OAK TREES provide shelter and food to the insect larvae, but are not harmed. WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? SKUNKS often live in burrows that have been dug and abandoned by armadillos. ARMADILLOS dig holes for homes, but often abandon them WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS? Human Impact~ Section 21.4 1. Earth has a ___ supply of materials needed to support life. Humans have created many ecological problems. Discuss population explosion, urban development, wasting natural resources, & pollution (air, water, soil, fresh water, and ocean). 2. Explain how technology has impacted the environment. 3. Biodiversity ~ 4. Natural resources ~ 5. Renewable resources ~ 6. Non-renewable resources ~ 7. Biodegradable ~ 8. Extinct species ~ 9. Endangered species ~ 10. Threatened species ~ 11. What are the effects of urban development? 12. Deforestation without replanting 13. Biological magnification – 14. Algal blooms – 15. Thinning ozone – 16. Global warming – 17. CFC’s – 18. Sustainable use conservation – 12 13 14 Ecological Succession Succession, a series of environmental changes, occurs in all ecosystems. The stages that any ecosystem passes through are predictable. In this activity, you will place the stages of succession of two ecosystems into sequence. You will also describe changes in an ecosystem and make predictions about changes that will take place from one stage of succession to another. The evolution of a body of water from a lake to a marsh can last for thousands of years. The process cannot be observed directly. Instead, a method can be used to find the links of stages and then to put them together to develop a complete story. The water level of Lake Michigan was once 18 meters higher than it is today. As the water level fell, land was exposed. Many small lakes or ponds were left behind where there were depressions in the land. Below are illustrations and descriptions of four ponds as they exist today. Use the illustrations and descriptions to answer the questions about the ponds. Pond A: Cattails, bulrushes, and water lilies grow in the pond. These plants have their roots in the bottom of the pond, but they can reach above the surface of the water. This pond is an ideal habitat for the animals that must climb to the surface for oxygen. Aquatic insect larvae are abundant. They serve as food for larger insects, which in turn are food for crayfish, frogs, salamanders, and turtles . Pond B: Plankton growth is rich enough to support animals that entered when the pond was connected to the lake. Fish make nests on the sandy bottom. Mussels crawl over the bottom. 15 Pond C: Decayed bodies of plants and animals form a layer of humus over the bottom of the pond. Chara, branching green algae, covers the humus. Fish that build nests on the bare bottom have been replaced by those that lay their eggs on the Chara. Pond D: The pond is so filled with vegetation that there are no longer any large areas of open water. Instead, the pond is filled with grasses. The water dries up during the summer months. Questions: 1. Write the letters of the ponds in order from the youngest, to the oldest. 2. Black bass and bluegill make their nests on sandy bottoms. In which pond would you find them? 3. What will happen to the black bass and blue gill as the floor of the ponds fills with organic debris? 4. Golden shiner and mud minnows lay their eggs on Chara (green algae). In which pond would you find them? 5. Some amphibians and crayfish can withstand periods of dryness by burying themselves in mud. In which pond(s) would they survive? 6. Dragonfly nymphs spend their early stages clinging to submerged plants. Then, they climb to the surface, shed their skins, and fly away as dragonflies. Which pond is best suited for dragonflies? 7. In which pond will gill breathing snails be replaced by lung breathing snails that climb to the surface to breathe? 8. Some mussels require a sandy bottom in order to maintain an upright position. In which pond will they die out? The climax community in the area of Arkansas is an oak-hickory forest. After the ponds are filled in, the area will undergo another series of stages of succession. This is illustrated below. Briefly explain what is happening in the diagram at (1), (2), (3), (4), & (5). 16 Color the map according to the clues listed below. You may need to look at a map of North America if you get stuck. Place a check mark in the box once you have completed that step. 1. The dotted lines represent the BORDER between the U.S. and Mexico and Canada. All other lines show biome borders. Color the U.S. borders (dotted line) RED. 2. Northern Canada and Alaska are TUNDRA - color the tundra light blue 3. Most of Canada is BOREAL FOREST. Color the boreal forest dark green. 4. The west coast of the U.S., where California is located, is mainly TEMPERATE FOREST. The east coast, all the way to the center of the country is also TEMPERATE FOREST. Color the Temperate forest light green. 5. The Midwest (middle of the country) is TEMPERATE GRASSLAND. Color the grassland yellow. 6. The eastern edge of Mexico and Central America, Hawaii, and the Caribbean Islands are all TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS or JUNGLES. Color those purple. 7. There is a northwest CONIFEROUS FOREST or TAIGA located in the far corner of the U.S (northwest). Color the northwest coniferous forest brown. 8. The great lakes and the lakes in Canada are FRESHWATER ecosystems. Find each freshwater lake and color it pink. 9. The bodies of water surrounding the continent are SALT WATER or MARINE ecosystems. Color the coastal areas dark blue. 10. The western region of the U.S., as well as Northern Mexico, is DESERT. Color the desert orange. 11. The western edge of Mexico is TEMPERATE FOREST. Color it the same as you did the other temperate forests, light green. 12. Color the squares at the bottom to match your biome colors. 13. Label the countries --- USA, Mexico, and Canada. Questions 1. Name the 3 main biomes of the United States (land only). 2. What two biomes are closest to where you live? Place an X on the map to show your approximate location. 3. What U.S. state could a person visit a tropical rain forest in? 4. What U.S. state could a person visit to see a temperate rain forest? 5. Point out Alaska by drawing an arrow to it. What biome is found in Alaska? 6. If you traveled DUE NORTH of your current location, what biomes would you pass through (just going to the North Pole)? 7. A person is driving from LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA TO WASHINGTON D.C. Name the biomes the person will pass through, in the correct order. 8. A person is driving from ALASKA TO MEXICO, STAYING CLOSE TO THE WEST COASTLINE. Name the biomes the person will pass through, in the correct order. 17 18