Download Comp 3 Packet

#: _____ Scientist’s Name: ________________________
Ecology
 Interrelationships
 Biogeochemical Cycles
 Biomes
 Energy Flow
 Effects of
Humans/Natural
Disasters
Chapters 2, 3, 4 & 5 (Textbook)
Sections 18-21(DaBook)
3. Investigate and evaluate the interaction between living organisms and their environment.
a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of the world’s major biomes (e.g., deserts, tundra, taiga, grassland, temperate
forest, tropical rainforest). (DOK 2)
 Plant and animal species
 Climate (temperature and rainfall)
 Adaptations of organisms
b. Provide examples to justify the interdependence among environmental elements. (DOK 2)
 Biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem (e.g., water, carbon, oxygen, mold, leaves)
 Energy flow in ecosystems (e.g., energy pyramids and photosynthetic organisms to herbivores, carnivores, and
decomposers)
 Roles of beneficial bacteria
 Interrelationships of organisms (e.g., cooperation, predation, parasitism, commensalism, symbiosis, and
mutualism)
c. Examine and evaluate the significance of natural events and human activities on major ecosystems (e.g., succession,
population growth, technology, loss of genetic diversity, consumption of resources). (DOK 2)
BASIC ECOLOGY PPT NOTES
What is ecology?
_____________ - the scientific________ of _______________ between _____________and their______________, focusing on
_________transfer
•
It is a science of________________.
What do you mean by environment?
The environment is made up of _____ factors:

_________ factors- all ___________ organisms inhabiting the Earth

__________ factors- ____________ parts of the environment (i.e.______________, soil, _________, moisture, _____
currents)
____________- any _____________ or _______________form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an_______________.
•
The ___________ level of organization
_______________ -a group of organisms ___ ______ _________living in the same ________ at the same ________ that
_____________ & ____________with each other for _____________(ex. food, mates, shelter)
_________________- ___________interacting _____________that inhabit a ___________environment and are
____________________.
_______________- populations in a ________________ & the __________ factors with which they interact (ex.___________,
terrestrial)
________________- life supporting portions of _________composed of air, _______, fresh water, and salt water.
• The _____________ level of organization
2
Habitat vs. Niche
_________- the ________ a species plays in a community (job)
____________- the _________ in which an organism __________ out its life (address)
A __________is determined by the _____________ _____________of an organism, or a____________ __________.
_____________ factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that _________ the ____________of organisms in a specific environment.
Examples of limiting factors•
Amount of _________
•
Amount of _________
•
_______________________
Feeding Relationships
•
There are ___ main types of feeding relationships
1. ____________- _____________
2. ___________- _____________
3. ___________- _____________
___________- all _____________ (plants), they trap __________ from the ______
-
__________ of the food chain
_____________- all________________: they ________ _______ containing the sun’s energy
• _____________
•
•
Carnivores
________________
• Decomposers
Herbivores
– Eat __________
• ______________ consumers
• ________ animals
Carnivores
- Eat ________
• ______________
– ________ prey animals for food.
• _______________
– Feed on ___________, dead animals
Omnivores
- Eat _______ plants and animals
Decomposers
• _______________ the complex compounds of ______and decaying plants and animals into
simpler _____________ that can be ______________
3
Symbiotic Relationships
______________- _____ species living ____________
___ Types of symbiosis:
1. ______________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________
__________________- ____ species ___________ and the other is _________ harmed nor helped
Ex. ____________ on a tree, ________ bears and cyanobacteria
____________: A________, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that _______on another plant upon which it
__________for mechanical support but ____for______________. Also called aerophyte,___ _______.
_______________- _____ species ___________(parasite) and the _________ is __________ (host)
•
Parasite-______ relationship
Ex. lampreys, ___________, fleas, _______, tapeworms
_____________- ____________ to _______ species
Ex. cleaning _________ and cleaner shrimp, _________
Symbiosis Review
Type of relationship
Species harmed
Species benefits
Species neutral
1.
2.
3.
Trophic Levels
•
Each ______ in a food ________is known as a _________ level.
•
Trophic levels ___________ a feeding ______ in the _________ of _________ and matter in an ecosystem.
____________- the _________ of __________ matter comprising a group of organisms in a habitat.
•
As you move ___ a food chain, both available _________ & _________ ____________.
•
_________ is transferred upwards but is _____________ with each transfer.
4
________ chain- __________ model that shows how matter and __________ move through an ecosystem
Draw a sample food chain that you might see in Virginia: include a producer, a primary consumer, a secondary
consumer, and a tertiary consumer
_____________
_____________
______________
_____________
Food ______- shows ____ possible feeding ______________ in a community at each _________ level
•
Represents a ____________ of interconnected food _________
Food chain- just ___ path of energy
Food web- ____ possible energy paths
Nutrient Cycles or Biogeochemical Cycles
Cycling maintains _______________ (balance) in the environment.
• ___ cycles to investigate:
1. ________ cycle
2. _________ cycle
3. _____________ cycle
________ cycle- evaporation, _______________, condensation, ________________
_________ cycle- _________________ and ______________ cycle carbon and ___________ through the environment.
___________ cycle___________________ nitrogen (N2) makes up nearly ___ %-___ % of air.
Organisms ____ _____ use it in that form.
_____________ and ___________ convert nitrogen into ___________ forms.
Only in certain ____________ and industrial ______________ can _____ nitrogen.
Nitrogen______________ - __________atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ____________(NH4+) which can be _______ to make
organic compounds like__________ ________.
5
Nitrogen-fixing_____________: Some live in a ______________ relationship with plants of the ____________family (e.g.,
soybeans, clover,____________).
•
Some ____________-fixing bacteria live _______ in the_______.
•
Nitrogen-fixing ________________are essential to maintaining the fertility of semi-__________ environments
like ______ paddies.
__________ in food chainsWhile energy ____________ as it moves up the food chain, __________ ___________ in potency.
•
This is called _________________ ________________
Ex: ______ & Bald ___________
TYPES OF HETEROTROPHS
TYPE
How does it get its energy?
Examples
absorbs energy by breaking down
organic matter
OMNIVORE
Humans, bears, crows
Eat only plants
feed on dead plant and animal
remains
Cows, rabbits
Earthworms, snails, mites, Crabs
CARNIVORE
PUT THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER FROM LEAST TO MOST COMPLEX
BIOSPHERE
POPULATION
ECOSYSTEM
COMMUNITY
BIOME
_______ _______ ______ ______ _______
ORGANISM
________
TELL HOW A FOOD CHAIN IS DIFFERENT FROM A FOOD WEB
FOOD CHAIN
FOOD WEB
6
Use the food web to answer the questions.
Name a producer in this food web
______________________________________
Name two heterotrophs
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
What do you think will happen to the frog population in this
community if all the centipedes were killed off by a disease?
A. it would increase
B. it would decrease
C. it wouldn’t change… frogs don’t eat centipedes
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER:
__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Name the 3 types of SYMBIOSIS
TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
DESCRIPTION
Relationship in which one organism benefits, but the other in neither
helped nor harmed
Relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed in
some way
Relationship in which both organisms benefit
BIOGEOCHEMCIAL CYCLES
Name 5 biogeochemical cycles:
NAME THE CYCLE DESCRIBED:
_________________ Cycle in which photosynthesis and cellular respiration participate
_________________ Only cycle which does not pass through the atmosphere
_________________ Cycle that involves transpiration
_________________ Cycle which is dependent on bacteria for nitrogen fixation and denitrification
_________________ Process by which water enters the atmosphere from the leaves of plants
_________________ Cycle in which volcanic activity and burning fossil fuels plays a role
_________________ Another name for the water cycle
_________________ Cycle which includes an underground reservoir in the form of fossil fuels
7
NAME THE STEP IN A BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE:
_________________ Process in which nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted into ammonia by bacteria that live in the soil
and on the roots of plants called legumes
_________________ Process in which soil bacteria convert nitrogen compounds in soil back into nitrogen gas which is released into
the atmosphere
_________________ Process in which sunlight is used to change atmospheric carbon into biomolecules used for energy by living
things
_________________ Process in which water evaporates from the surface of plant leaves
_________________ Process in which nutrients in dead organisms are returned to the soil
_________________ Process in which the break down of sugars in living things returns carbon to the atmosphere as CO 2
_________________ Process in which liquid water changes into gas form
_________________ Process in which water vapor (gas) changes into liquid water
Name 2 human activities by which carbon can enter the atmosphere as CO2 during the carbon cycle
_____________________________
_____________________________
Name 2 NON-human activities by which carbon can enter the atmosphere or oceans during the carbon cycle.
______________________________
_____________________________
Give one way carbon leaves the atmosphere during the carbon cycle.
_________________________________
Give 2 ways water enters the atmosphere in the water cycle
____________________
______________________
Name something humans do to return nitrogen to the soil for the nitrogen cycle. _________________________________
Although almost 80% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas, most living things don’t have the enzymes necessary to use
nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. Explain how we get the nitrogen we need to make proteins and DNA if we can’t get it from
breathing.
8
HUMMINGBIRDS have long bills and feed on the
nectar of flowers.
FLOWERS are pollinated as hummingbirds move blossom
to blossom getting nectar.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
SNAPPING SHRIMP have poor
vision. They depend on their goby fish roommate to
give the danger signal whenever predators approach.
The goby fish guides the snapping back home if they
wander too far.
GOBY FISH who don't have a place to hide are quickly
eaten. They find a Snapping shrimp roommate who digs a
hole for both of them to live in.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
TICKS live and feed on other animals. They suck
blood from these animals for food.
DOGS may pick up ticks from the outdoors. The ticks
cause skin irritation on the dogs. The ticks also transmit
diseases to the dog that they are carrying.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
RED_CHESTED CUCKOO BIRDS find an unattended
robin nest and push out the robin eggs. They then lay
their own eggs in the robin’s nest and leave for the
robins to incubate the cuckoo eggs.
Robin eggs don't hatch, but the cuckoo babies hatch. The
robin parents feed
and take care of the cuckoo babies.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
9
MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI invade and live in or among
roots cells of many plants. The plant provides
nutrients to the fungi.
The Mycorrhizal fungi help the host PLANT absorb
inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. Some
mycorrhizal fungi also secrete antibiotics that may help
protect their host PLANT from invasion by parasitic fungi
and bacteria.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
ATHELETE"S FOOT FUNGUS lives on the skin of
humans and feeds on keratin, a protein.
Some HUMANS have itchy, cracked skin on their feet that
can become infected.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
REMORA use suckers to attach temporarily to large
marine animals such as sharks, manta rays, whales,
turtles, or large fish
The SHARK provides free transportation, protection, and
dropped food and feces that the remora feeds on. The host is
not injured.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
FUNGI form lichens by living in a close relationship
within algae. The fungus provides a protective home
for the algae, and gathers mineral nutrients from
rainwater and from dissolving the rock underneath.
The ALGAE gathers energy from the sun using
photosynthesis. Both organisms share their nutrients with
each other.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
10
HONEYGUIDE BIRDS find a bee hive then chatter
loudly to attract the Honey badger. They fly toward
the hive making sure the badger is following.
Upon arrival at the bee hive, the BADGER tears open the
hive and feasts on the honey. Then the Honeyguide bird
feeds on the remaining wax and larvae.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
SKUNKCABBAGE plants attract flies in cool weather
by making heat and provide
food to the flies that come.
FLIES move from one Skunkcabbage plant to the next
feeding and transferring pollen as they go.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
HUMAN INTESTINE provides food for bacteria that
live inside digestive system.
Beneficial BACTERIA live in the intestine of humans and
help digest cellulose from
plants which humans don’t have the enzymes to break
down.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
KUDZU VINES grow by climbing, and wrapping
around trees.
Kudzu-covered TREES die as they are smothered and break
under the weight of the growing Kudzu vines
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
11
HERMIT CRABS find shells left by snails that have
died and move into them as a new home.
Snails die and leave behind their shells.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
GALL INSECT lays their eggs in the leaves or
branches of Oak trees causing a
lump to form.
OAK TREES provide shelter and food to the insect larvae,
but are not harmed.
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
SKUNKS often live in burrows that have
been dug and abandoned by armadillos.
ARMADILLOS dig holes for homes, but often abandon
them
WHAT’S THE TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS?
Human Impact~ Section 21.4
1. Earth has a ___ supply of materials needed to support life. Humans have created many ecological
problems. Discuss population explosion, urban development, wasting natural resources, & pollution (air,
water, soil, fresh water, and ocean).
2. Explain how technology has impacted the environment.
3. Biodiversity ~
4. Natural resources ~
5. Renewable resources ~
6. Non-renewable resources ~
7. Biodegradable ~
8. Extinct species ~
9. Endangered species ~
10. Threatened species ~
11. What are the effects of urban development?
12. Deforestation without replanting 13. Biological magnification –
14. Algal blooms –
15. Thinning ozone –
16. Global warming –
17. CFC’s –
18. Sustainable use conservation –
12
13
14
Ecological Succession
Succession, a series of environmental changes, occurs in all ecosystems. The stages that any
ecosystem passes through are predictable. In this activity, you will place the stages of succession of two
ecosystems into sequence. You will also describe changes in an ecosystem and make predictions about
changes that will take place from one stage of succession to another.
The evolution of a body of water from a lake to a marsh can last for thousands of years. The process
cannot be observed directly. Instead, a method can be used to find the links of stages and then to put them
together to develop a complete story.
The water level of Lake Michigan was once 18 meters higher than it is today. As the water level fell,
land was exposed. Many small lakes or ponds were left behind where there were depressions in the land.
Below are illustrations and descriptions of four ponds as they exist today. Use the illustrations and
descriptions to answer the questions about the ponds.
Pond A:
Cattails, bulrushes, and water lilies grow in the pond. These plants have their roots in the bottom of the
pond, but they can reach above the surface of the water. This pond is an ideal habitat for the animals that
must climb to the surface for oxygen. Aquatic insect larvae are abundant. They serve as food for larger
insects, which in turn are food for crayfish, frogs, salamanders, and turtles .
Pond B:
Plankton growth is rich enough to support animals that entered when the pond was connected to the lake.
Fish make nests on the sandy bottom. Mussels crawl over the bottom.
15
Pond C:
Decayed bodies of plants and animals form a layer of humus over the bottom of the pond. Chara,
branching green algae, covers the humus. Fish that build nests on the bare bottom have been replaced by
those that lay their eggs on the Chara.
Pond D:
The pond is so filled with vegetation that there are no longer any large areas of open water. Instead, the
pond is filled with grasses. The water dries up during the summer months.
Questions:
1. Write the letters of the ponds in order from the youngest, to the oldest.
2. Black bass and bluegill make their nests on sandy bottoms. In which pond would you find them?
3. What will happen to the black bass and blue gill as the floor of the ponds fills with organic debris?
4. Golden shiner and mud minnows lay their eggs on Chara (green algae). In which pond would you find
them?
5. Some amphibians and crayfish can withstand periods of dryness by burying themselves in mud. In
which pond(s) would they survive?
6. Dragonfly nymphs spend their early stages clinging to submerged plants. Then, they climb to the
surface, shed their skins, and fly away as dragonflies. Which pond is best suited for dragonflies?
7. In which pond will gill breathing snails be replaced by lung breathing snails that climb to the surface to
breathe?
8. Some mussels require a sandy bottom in order to maintain an upright position. In which pond will they
die out?
The climax community in the area of Arkansas is an oak-hickory forest. After the ponds are filled in,
the area will undergo another series of stages of succession. This is illustrated below. Briefly explain
what is happening in the diagram at (1), (2), (3), (4), & (5).
16
Color the map according to the clues listed below. You may need to look at a map
of North America if you get stuck. Place a check mark in the box once you
have completed that step.
1. The dotted lines represent the BORDER between the U.S. and Mexico and Canada. All other lines show biome
borders. Color the U.S. borders (dotted line) RED.
2. Northern Canada and Alaska are TUNDRA - color the tundra light blue
3. Most of Canada is BOREAL FOREST. Color the boreal forest dark green.
4. The west coast of the U.S., where California is located, is mainly TEMPERATE FOREST. The east coast, all the
way to the center of the country is also TEMPERATE FOREST. Color the Temperate forest light green.
5. The Midwest (middle of the country) is TEMPERATE GRASSLAND. Color the grassland yellow.
6. The eastern edge of Mexico and Central America, Hawaii, and the Caribbean Islands are all TROPICAL RAIN
FORESTS or JUNGLES. Color those purple.
7. There is a northwest CONIFEROUS FOREST or TAIGA located in the far corner of the U.S (northwest). Color the
northwest coniferous forest brown.
8. The great lakes and the lakes in Canada are FRESHWATER ecosystems. Find each freshwater lake and color it
pink.
9. The bodies of water surrounding the continent are SALT WATER or MARINE ecosystems. Color the coastal areas
dark blue.
10. The western region of the U.S., as well as Northern Mexico, is DESERT. Color the desert orange.
11. The western edge of Mexico is TEMPERATE FOREST. Color it the same as you did the other temperate forests,
light green.
12. Color the squares at the bottom to match your biome colors.
13. Label the countries --- USA, Mexico, and Canada.
Questions
1. Name the 3 main biomes of the United States (land only).
2. What two biomes are closest to where you live? Place an X on the map to show your approximate location.
3. What U.S. state could a person visit a tropical rain forest in?
4. What U.S. state could a person visit to see a temperate rain forest?
5. Point out Alaska by drawing an arrow to it. What biome is found in Alaska?
6. If you traveled DUE NORTH of your current location, what biomes would you pass through (just going to the
North Pole)?
7. A person is driving from LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA TO WASHINGTON D.C. Name the biomes the person
will pass through, in the correct order.
8. A person is driving from ALASKA TO MEXICO, STAYING CLOSE TO THE WEST COASTLINE. Name the
biomes the person will pass through, in the correct order.
17
18