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Name Date of Your Quarterly Biology CP 2015 Marking Period 1 Quarterly Exam Review Sheet This review sheet is to be used as a guide to help you focus your studies for the MP1 Quarterly examination. Note: This review sheet is not intended to be all-inclusive. Characteristics of Living Things Organism = general term for a living thing Definition of a cell Contrast living and nonliving things Features of Life (as discussed in class / listed in textbook / viewed in lab) – what it means to be ‘alive’ – you don’t need to be able to list them, but you should be able to identify and explain with examples Growth vs. Development – be able to define and explain with examples Define metabolism & homeostasis Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Unicellular vs. multicellular (and examples of each) Autotrophic vs. heterotrophic (and examples of each) Importance of DNA as the genetic material of the cell Adaptation & evolution Distinguish between stimulus & response; identify examples of each Taxonomy (DKPCOFGS) – be able to identify an organism’s scientific name; be able to tell whether organisms are closely related or not, by looking at their classification categories Photosynthesis and cellular respiration o basic definition/equation of each process o be familiar with how the two reactions are interdependent o what types of organisms do each process o importance of ATP produced by cellular respiration 1 Basic Chemistry Definition of atom, molecule, element, compound Properties of Water (especially its partial charges & ability to hydrogen bond) Basic Atomic Structure o Compare/contrast proton, neutron, electron o Why atoms in their elemental state are neutral o Draw diagram of an atom showing numbers and locations of subatomic particles and energy levels o Be able to identify the parts of an atom, their charges, and their locations. o Be able to draw and/or interpret Lewis dot diagrams and/or Bohr models for atoms Periodic Table o Atomic Mass (mass number) vs. Atomic Number o How to determine the valence of an atom o Be able to determine # of bonds an atom can form o Given its atomic number, determine the number of electrons, and covalent bonds an atom will form Reactivity & Bonding o What determines the reactivity of an atom? What is the importance of Valence Electrons? Why are some atoms “stable” and “nonreactive” while others are “unstable” and “reactive”? o Know how covalent & ionic bonds are formed o How do atoms become positive or negative ions? o What determines if atoms will combine? o # of bonds needed for C, H, O & N (the four most common elements of living things) to become stable (HONC 1234) Chemical Formulas, Equations, Reactions o Know that in a chemical reaction, bonds in the reactant(s) are broken, atoms are rearranged, and new bonds are formed in the product(s) o Molecule vs. compound 2 o Coefficients, subscripts, arrow, reactant vs. products Given a chemical formula with a coefficient and subscripts, determine the number of atoms or molecules o Understanding chemical equations, what all the symbols and numbers mean and which substances are the reactants and products. Example: photosynthesis and cellular respiration o Determine if an equation is balanced: Law of Conservation of Matter o Identify the number of atoms of each element found in a formula o Be able to draw and/or interpret a structural formula for a molecule Basic Biochemistry Four most common elements in living things (CHON) Phosphorus and sulfur are also found in some important biological molecules (CHONPS) Importance of water in dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis Organic vs. Inorganic – be able to identify examples Be able to recognize structures/formulas of monomers, dimers and polymers of carbs, proteins and nucleic acids Which elements are found in each category of organic compounds? Identify examples of food sources for each category of organic compounds Be able to interpret ‘Nutrition Facts’ labels (from prepared foods) Hydrolysis vs. (dehydration) synthesis: o Definition--Reactants and products of each process for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and nucleic acids. o Which one builds polymers from monomers and which one breaks down polymers into monomers o Which one has water as a reactant; which one has water as a product 3 Carbohydrates: o simple sugars or monosaccharides vs. disaccharides vs. polysaccharides o glucose units are used to form starch, glycogen and cellulose polysaccharides o function as energy molecules: glucose, glycogen, and starch o function as structural molecules: cellulose o importance as short-term energy storage o Why do plants make glucose? (What can they use it for?) o What is “carbo-loading” AND why do athletes do this? Lipids: o Distinguish between structural formulas of unsaturated/saturated triglycerides o Saturated vs. unsaturated: which are ‘heart healthier”? Fats (animals) vs. oils (plants) o Different functions of lipids: function as long-term energy storage molecules function as structural molecules-in cell membranes (phospholipids and cholesterol) Nucleic acids: o nucleotides, subunits of nucleotides o Store genetic information o Central dogma of molecular biology: DNARNAproteinstraits o function as energy molecules-ATP (composed of only one nucleotide) Proteins: o amino acid structure, dipeptides, peptide bonds, peptides vs. proteins o “Form leads to function” o describe the general differences between various proteins and amino acids o a very wide variety of proteins exist (for both structure & function in cells) o examples of proteins (ie, enzymes) 4 Type of Organic Compound Building blocks General Functions Examples Elements Good Food Sources Monomers: Carbohydrates Basic monomer: _________________ Polymers: Lipids Typical structure of fats/oils: _________________ Monomers: Proteins Basic monomer: _________________ Polymers: Monomers: Nucleic Acids Basic monomer Polymers: 5