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Ch. 5-Socialization and Interaction Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals acquire culture, develop their sense of self and become functioning members of society. Socialization occurs throughout the life course. Individuals internalize the values, beliefs and norms of a society and learn to function as a member of that society. It becomes more complex as people age. I. Nature vs. Nurture Both important Negative consequences of social isolation; feral children II. Socialization Social learning theory: Rewards & punishments Modeling III. The Self The Self-the ability to view oneself as object; the ability to imagine yourself taking the place of others and viewing yourself as they do Mead-the self develops through social interaction Role taking & role playing Cooley-Looking Glass Self: self image based on how we think others see us; we can “reflect” on our behavior Significant others Generalized other: internalized sense of society’s expectations IV. Agents of Socialization: Entities responsible for helping individuals learn society’s norms and culture. Socialization and Interaction a. b. c. d. e. V. 2 the family-primary socializing agent education-“hidden curriculum” peers-become more important as children get older media-latent function work-adult socialization Total Institutions Controls all aspects of everyday life such as prisons and mental hospitals, attempts to destroy and rebuild sense of self Goal: resocialization VI. Social Interaction Social interaction is guided by social status, which is part of social structure. Social structure is the concept that describes the ordered and patterned expectations that guide social interaction. Status determines with whom you will interact and the form the interaction will take. A. Status-socially defined position in society; rank Ascribed status-characteristics you are born with-important in closed stratification systems Achieved status-what you make of yourself-important in open class systems. Master or dominant status Status inconsistency-when a person occupies 2 or more statuses that society deems contradictory. B. Role-behaviors associated with each position (status). Set of expectations, rights and duties attached to a particular status. Role performance may vary. Role strain-contradictory expectations and demands are attached to a single role. Role conflict-when a person cannot fulfill the roles of one status without violating another Socialization and Interaction VII. 3 Theoretical Perspectives Social Interaction is an active, dynamic process in which participants may choose from a range of appropriate behaviors. In doing so, people construct social reality and modify existing cultural norms. A. The Social Construction of Reality-shared social reality“Definition of the Situation”-Thomas Theorum-predictions about behavior shape behavior. Related to sellf-fulfilling prophecy. Critique-minimize impact of social structure-status, role, etc. Social structure consists of expectations that guide interactionHerbert Blumer B. Symbolic Interactionism: we interact with others using words and behaviors that have symbolic meaning; cultural differences C. Ethnomethodology-Garfinkle: study of “taken for granted” rules that govern social interaction. Study of how people construct their everyday world and give meaning to their experiences. By deliberately breaking norms, can uncover “hidden rules of interaction.” D. Dramaturgy-Goffman: compares life to theater-the self is viewed as a dramatic product of social interaction between an individual and their audiences; impression-management- refers to those techniques used to control the image of themselves that individuals want to project during their social performances, even when they encounter problems; includes “frontstage” refers to place or situation where the performance tends to be idealized and designed to define the situation for those who are observing it and ‘backstage” behavior refers to an area or situation where the performer can express themselves in ways they cannot in front stage, more freely, less scripted, more spontaneous. For every front stage performance, there are one or more back stages where “hidden” things occur. Face-esteem in which the individual is held by others; tact and saving face. Socialization and Interaction 4 E. Social Exchange-profit motive guides relationships Interaction is viewed as a rational process in which those involved in the interaction seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Often seen in courtship, but many interactions, if not all involve social exchange. VIII. Social Groups A social group consists of two or more people who interact with each other in patterned ways, have a feeling of unity, and share certain interests and expectations. A. Types of Groups Primary-small number of people who regularly interact on a face-to-face basis, have close personal ties and are emotionally committed to the relationship-ex. Family, close friends (expressive) Secondary-two or more people who interact on a formal and impersonal basis to accomplish a specific objective. (instrumental) goal oriented-ex. School, work B. Conformity Asch: experiment demonstrated power of group conformity C. Networks A social network is a set of relations held together by ties between individuals. Ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network. The strength of weak ties is the fact that relatively weak ties can turn out to be valuable because they yield new information. These weak ties can be helpful in job searches. Socialization and Interaction 5