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NAME __________________________ DATE _________ PERIOD ______ DNA, RNA, and PROTEINS MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. The three bases on the tRNA molecule that are complementary to one of the mRNA codons are called the_____________. A. message matches B. anticodon C. promoter D. exon E. intron 2. According to Chargaff’s rules, which nucleotide is always paired with Adenine IN A DNA MOLECULE? A. Adenine B. Thymine C. Guanine D. Cytosine E. Uracil 3. DNA replication results in two DNA molecules, ___________________________________________ A. each with two new strands B. one with two new strands and one with 2 original strands C. each with two original strands D. each with one new strand and one original strand 4. Which type(s) of RNA is/are involved in protein synthesis? A. t-RNA only B. R-RNA only C. r-RNA and m-RNA only D. all 3 kinds of RNA are involved in making proteins 5. Where A. B. C. D. in the cell does transcription take place? in the nucleus on ribosomes in the cytoplasm in Golgi bodies on the nucleosomes 6. Where A. B. C. D. in the cell does translation take place? in the nucleus on ribosomes in the cytoplasm in Golgi bodies on the nucleosomes 7. How many codons are needed to specify THREE AMINO ACIDS? A. 3 B. 6 C. 9 D. 12 8. What did the Hershey-Chase blender experiment help prove? A. DNA is a double helix. B. Pneumonia causes dead mice. C. Histones are made of DNA. D. The genetic material of proteins is made of DNA. 1 9. The molecule that caused transformation in Griffith’s pneumonia/mouse experiment was __________. A. DNA B. a bacteriophage C. a protein D. RNA 10. The process by which RNA is made from DNA is: a. synthesis b. translation c. transcription d. replication 11. Adenine always pairs with: a. thymine b. cytosine c. guanine d. ribose 12. The rungs of a DNA ladder are made of: a. phosphates and hydrogen b. glucose and sugars c. sugars and phosphates d. base pairs 13.The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself is: a. synthesis b. replication c. transcription d. translation 14. A gene is: a. a segment of DNA that codes for a protein b. a set of homologous chromosomes c. a molecule within DNA 15. The sugar found in DNA is: a. equal b. deoxyribose c. ribose d. glucose 16. Which of the following takes the genetic code to the cytoplasm? a. DNA b. deoxyribose c. tRNA d. mRNA 17. The three nucleotide sequence on RNA is called a: a. tRNA b. codon c. anticodon d. gene 18. Three nucleotides code for ____. a. 1 amino acid b. 3 amino acids c. 1 protein 2 d. 3 proteins 19. RNA differs from DNA in that: a. it has a different kind of sugar b. it is single stranded c. it has the base uracil instead of thymine d. all of the above 20. The two men that established the structure of DNA were: a. Wilkins and Franklin b. Watson and Crick c. Watson and Franklin d. Avery and Griffith 21. Which of the following must happen first in order for DNA replication to occur? a. DNA polymerase separates the bases by breaking hydrogen bonds b. DNA is unwound c. Hydrogen bonds form between bases d. Chromosomes condense 22. Which of the following is required for DNA replication to occur? a. DNA helicase b. RNA polymerase c. DNA polymerase d. A and B e. A and C 23. If DNA is found to be 40% thymine, what percentage of guanine would be expected? a. 10 b. 20 c. 40 d. 80 24. DNA a. 2 b. 2 c. 1 d. 1 replication results in: completely new DNA molecules DNA molecules that each contain an strand of the original new DNA molecule, 1 old molecule is conserved new molecule of RNA 25. Transcription results in: a. an animo acids chain b. messenger RNA c. complementary RNA d. okazaki fragments 26. A stretch of a chromosome that codes for a trait is called: a. chromatid b. replication fork c. gene d. nucleotide 3 27. Translation begins at: a. replication fork b. in the nucleus c. at the promoter d. at the termination site 28. Which of the following is not a necessary component of translation? a. anticodon b. mRNA c. DNA ligase d. Amino acids 29. Which site on tRNA binds to the mRNA molecule? a. anticodon b. codon c. amino acid d. none of the above 30. Griffith’s transformation experiment a. changed proteins into DNA b. caused harmless bacteria to become deadly c. resulted in DNA molecules becoming proteins d. were designed to show the effect of heat on bacteria 31. Griffith’s experiments showed that a. dead bacteria could be brought back to life. B. harmful bacteria were hardier than harmless bacteria. c. heat caused the harmful and harmless varieties of bacteria to fuse. d. genetic material could be transferred between dead bacteria and living bacteria. 32. Avery’s experiments showed that transformation a.is prevented by protein-destroying enzymes. b.is prevented by DNA-destroying enzymes. c.causes protein to become DNA. d.is caused by a protein. 33. Using radioactive tracers to determine the interactions of bacteriophages and their host bacteria, Hershey and Chase demonstrated without question that a.genes are composed of protein molecules. b.DNA and proteins are actually the same molecules located in different parts of cells. c.bacteria inject their DNA into the cytoplasm of bacteriophages. d.DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information in cells. 34. All of the following are true of the viruses Hershey and Chase used in their study except a.they consisted of DNA surrounded by a protein coat. b.they injected their DNA into cells. c.they destroyed the DNA of the infected bacteria. d.they caused infected bacteria to make many new viruses. 4 35. Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of a.amino acids. b.monosaccharides. c.fatty acids. d.nucleotides 36. Which of the following is not part of a molecule of DNA? a.deoxyribose b.phosphate c.nitrogen base d.ribose 37. A nucleotide consists of a.a sugar, a protein, and adenine. b.a sugar, an amino acid, and starch. c.a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. d.a starch, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base 38. adenine : thymine :: a.protein : DNA b.guanine : cytosine c.Watson : Crick d.guanine : thymine 39. The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA are a.Avery and Chargaff. b.Mendel and Griffith. c.Hershey and Chase. d.Watson and Crick 40. During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made from each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be a.TTGCATG. b.CCTAGCT. c.AAGTATC. d.GGATCGA. 41. Transcription, which is a stage of gene expression, is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n) a.RNA molecule. b.uracil molecule. c.DNA molecule. d.tRNA molecule. 42. During transcription, a.proteins are synthesized. b.RNA is produced. c.DNA is replicated. d.translation occurs. 43. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase a.attaches to a ribosome. b.unwinds a strand of DNA. c.binds to a strand of RNA. d.attaches to the promoter sequence of a gene 44. Using the genetic code, what is the portion of the protein molecule coded for by a piece of mRNA with the sequence CUCAAGUGCUUC? a.Ser—Tyr—Arg—Gly c.Leu—Lys—Cys—Phe b.Val—Asp—Pro—His d.Pro—Glu—Leu—Val 5 45. Using the genetic code, The anticodons for the codons in the mRNA with the sequence CUCAAGUGCUUC are? a.GAG—UUC—ACG—AAG. b.CUC—GAA—CGU—CUU. c.GAG—TTC—ACG—AAG. d.CUU—CGU—GAA—CUC. MATCH THE PROCESS WITH ITS DESCRIPTION: TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION REPLICATION 46. ______________________ Making an complementary RNA sequence from a DNA code (DNA RNA) 47. _______________________ Making a DNA copy of a DNA molecule (DNA DNA) 48. _______________________ Making proteins from an RNA message (RNA protein) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Use words from the word bank to match the following: messenger-RNA transfer-RNA ribosomal-RNA 49. _____________________________________ Carries the DNA code from nucleus to cytoplasm 50. _____________________________________ Made by the nucleolus 51.__________________________________ Adds the correct amino acid to the growing protein chain 52. _____________________________________ Combines with proteins to form ribosomes 53. _____________________________________ Has a CODON region 54. _____________________________________ Has an ANTICODON region 55. ___________________ 56. ___________________ 57. ___________________ 6 COMPARE AND CONTRAST 58. DNA RNA Double / Single stranded? Sugar used? List all nitrogen bases it has Which nitrogen base is missing? Location in cell? SHORT ANSWER: 59. Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide molecule: __________________ _____________________ _____________________ 60. Explain the function of the TATA box. 61. USING ANALOGIES: If a double helix is compared to a “twisted ladder”, which would the following represent? Sides of the ladder ? _________________________________ Rungs of ladder ? _______________________________ Glue in the middle that holds the ladder together? ________________________ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter of the answer that best completes the statement. 62. The place where RNA polymerase binds to start transcribing a gene is called the _______________ A. operator B. promoter C. repressor D. anticodon 7 63. The function of the TATA box is to ________________________________. A. bind the lac repressor B. turn on cell division genes C. help position the RNA polymerase D. edit introns 64. The function of rRNA is to a.synthesize DNA. b.form ribosomes. c.synthesize mRNA. d.transfer amino acids to ribosomes 65. At the very beginning of translation, the first tRNA molecule a.binds to the mRNA’s anticodon. b.attaches directly to the DNA codon. c.connects an amino acid to its anticodon. d.binds to the mRNA’s start codon. 66. Transfer RNA a.carries an amino acid to its correct codon. b.synthesizes amino acids as they are needed. c.produces codons to match the correct anticodons. d.converts DNA into mRNA. 67. It has been discovered that the genetic material is _________________________. 68. Hershey and Chase were the first two scientists to prove that genetic material is composed of _____________________________. 69. The sugar in DNA nucleotides is called _____________________. 70. After years of research, the structure of the DNA molecule is now known to be a ________ __________________________. 71. Before a DNA molecule can replicate itself, it must ___________________. 72. Helicases unwind the double helix of DNA by breaking the ______________ bonds that link the base pairs. 73. RNA molecules contain the five-carbon sugar________________________. 74. During ______________________, the information on a DNA molecule is “rewritten” into an mRNA molecule. 75. When a _______________________________________ binds to an mRNA codon, the amino acid detaches from the tRNA molecule and bonds to the end of a growing protein chain. 76. Griffith’s experiment showed that live bacteria without capsules acquired the ability to make capsules from dead bacteria with capsules in a process Griffith called ____________________. 8 77. A DNA subunit composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base is called a(n) ____________________. 78. The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is ____________________. 79. The process by which DNA copies itself is called ____________________. 80. Enzymes called ____________________ are responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary strands together. 81. Transcription and translation are stages in the process of ____________________. 82. The enzyme responsible for making mRNA is called ____________________. 83. Messenger RNA is produced during the process of ____________________. 84. The sequence of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids or stop signals in the synthesis of protein is called a(n) ____________________. 85. During translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of ____________________. 86. Nucleotide sequences of tRNA that are complementary to codons on mRNA are called ____________________. 87. The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of ____________________. 88. According to Chargaff’s rules, adenine pairs with ____________________ and guanine pairs with ____________________. 89. Of the 64 codons of mRNA, 61 code for ____________________, 3 are ______________ signals, and one is a ____________________ signal. MATCH THE MUTATION WITH ITS DESCRIPTION FRAMESHIFT TRANSLOCATION POINT DUPLICATION SUBSTITUTION INSERTION INVERSION DELETION 90. ___________________________ Change in one or just a few nucleotide in the code 91. ___________________________ Deletion or insertion that causes the remaining nucleotides to be regrouped & read incorrectly 9 92. ___________________________ One nucleotide in code is replaced by another 93. ___________________________ Piece of DNA is broken off and lost 94. ___________________________ Piece of DNA breaks off and reattaches to another NON-homologous chromosome 95. ___________________________ Piece of DNA breaks off, flips, and reattaches so that it reads Backwards 96. ___________________________ Piece of DNA is added to the code WHICH TYPE OF CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION IS SHOWN BELOW? Original chromosome 97. 98. ________________________ 99. ________________________ 100. Original chromosomes Mutation 10 101. SHORT ANSWER: Explain why a frame shift mutations can do so much damage. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 102. This process of making copying an RNA message from the DNA code is called ____________________. 7. Tell where in the cell this happens. 103. USE THE mRNA CODE WHEEL to tell the amino acid sequence coded for by the following message: U C A A A A U U C 11 104. Name the parts/structures of a cell: A = _____________________________ B = _____________________________ C = _____________________________ D = _____________________________ E = _____________________________ F = _____________________________ Use the genetic code chart to translate the following mRNAs into amino acid sequences and answer the questions. mRNA nucleotide sequence: (mRNA 1) 105. Amino acid sequence: Mutation in nRNA: (mRNA 2) 106. Amino acid sequence: 107. Number of bases changed in mRNA: 108. Type of mutation: 109. Number of amino acids changed: 12 Mutation in mRNA: (nRNA 3; compare to 1) 110. Amino acid sequence: 111. Number of bases changed in mRNA (look carefully!): 112. Type of mutation: 113. Number of amino acids changed (compared to mRNA L): 114. Which mutation had the greatest effect and why? . 13 14