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PART III EVOLUTION
14
DARWIN
AND
EVOLUTION
CHAPTER REVIEW
At a time when the Theory of Evolution is coming under
attack, it is worthwhile to study what Darwin actually
said. When Darwin took his trip around the world, he
collected fossils that looked somewhat like modern-day
organisms, but not quite. At the time, two geologists
(Hutton and Lyell) presented evidence that the Earth was
very old—providing time for evolution to occur. Therefore, Darwin concluded that organisms present today
have ancestors from the past. When he observed that one
mainland finch had many different types of descendants,
he suggested that the organisms of today have common
ancestors.
Darwin also read the writings of a sociobiologist,
Malthus, who presented evidence that organisms compete
to exist with organisms of their own kind. He observed
that different plants and animals were present in different environments, much as we might observe that monkeys live in tropical rain forests and polar bears live in
Alaska. He proposed natural selection as the mechanism by which adaptation to the environment comes
about.
Today, the evidence for evolution includes fossil evidence, the distribution of organisms (i.e., biogeography), anatomical evidence, and biochemical evidence.
No scientific evidence based on observation and experimentation has been presented that refutes the Theory of
Evolution.
CHAPTER KEY TERMS
After studying the key terms of this chapter, match the phrases below with the alphabetized list of terms.
adaptation
homologous structure
analogous structure
natural selection
artificial selection
speciation
biogeography
strata
evolution
uniformitarianism
fitness
vestigial structure
fossil record
a. formation of new species _______________________
b. history of life recorded from remains from the past _______________________
c. underdeveloped structure that was functional in an ancestor _______________________
d. structure that is similar because of common ancestry _______________________
e. layers of rock or sedimentary material _______________________
f. modification suitable to the environment _______________________
g. study of the geographical distribution of organisms _______________________
h. selection in which humans are the selective agent _______________________
i. environment selects certain members of a population to reproduce _______________________
j. belief by James Hutton; geological forces act at a continuous, uniform rate _______________________
k. structure having a similar function but the anatomy is different _______________________
l. ability of an organism to produce more fertile offspring than others can _______________________
m. life-forms change over time _______________________
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S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.
14.1 DARWIN’S THEORY
OF
EVOLUTION (PP. 216–223)
• Charles Darwin’s trip around the Southern Hemisphere aboard the HMS Beagle provided him with evidence
that the Earth is very old and that evolution does occur.
• Darwin said that today’s species are descended from common ancestors and that natural selection is a
mechanism for adaptation to the environment.
• Alfred Wallace came to the same conclusions as Darwin did regarding evolution.
1. Indicate whether these statements are true (T) or false (F):
a.
Darwin had no suitable background to be the naturalist on board the HMS Beagle.
b.
Darwin had taken various science courses and had worked with people who were experts in their
fields.
c.
The HMS Beagle took a trip to South America and then returned.
d.
The HMS Beagle went around the world in the Southern Hemisphere.
2. Before each of the following statements, write pre for pre-Darwinian or post for post-Darwinian view of
evolution:
a.
Adaptation to the environment occurs through the work of a creator.
b.
Hypotheses are tested through observation and experimentation.
c.
Species are related by a common descent.
d.
The Earth is relatively young, with an age measured in thousands of years.
3. Label each of the following as reflecting the thinking of these scientists:
C—Cuvier
a.
b.
c.
d.
L—Lamarck
A new stratum or mix of fossils in a region signals that a local catastrophe occurred.
Members of a population change over time through the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
The structure of an animal can be deduced by studying its fossil bones.
The increasing complexity of organisms through evolutionary descent is the result of a natural force.
Darwin’s Conclusions ( PP . 219–221)
4. Fossils: Darwin noticed a close a. ______________ between modern forms and extinct species known only
through fossils. He began to think that these fossil forms might be b. ______________ to modern species. If so,
the implication is that new species appear on Earth as a result of biological change.
Biogeography: Darwin noticed that whenever the environment changed, the types of species
c. ______________.
He also observed that similar environments have different but d. ______________ adapted
species. This indicates that species are suited to the environment.
Finches: Darwin speculated that a mainland finch was the e. ______________ ancestor for all the different
species of finches on the Galápagos Islands. This shows that speciation occurs.
Conclusion: Based on his observations, Darwin came to accept the idea of f. ______________; that is, lifeforms change over time.
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Natural Selection and Adaptation ( PP . 221–223)
5. In this diagram (to the right) of Darwin’s natural
selection proposal, explain each frame:
Darwin’s proposal
a.
6. What is the proper sequence for these statements to
describe the process of natural selection?
______________
a. The population produces more offspring than the
resources of an environment can support.
b. Across generations, a larger proportion of the
population becomes adapted to the environment.
c. The members of a population have inheritable
variations.
d. The more adapted individuals survive and
reproduce to a greater extent than those that lack
the adaptations.
In questions 7–10, match the statements from question 6 to the
following:
7.
Organisms struggle to exist.
8.
Organisms differ in fitness.
9.
Organisms don’t look alike.
10.
The environment brings about adaptations.
11. In each of the following pairs of situations, place a
check beside the members that are better adapted:
a. In a forest, certain ground plants
(1) are able to grow in the shade.
(2) require full sunlight.
b. In the depths of the ocean, certain fishes
(1) need to eat only infrequently.
(2) must eat continuously.
c. In a mountain village, some inhabitants
(1) get dizzy when the oxygen level falls below normal.
(2) do not get dizzy when the oxygen level falls below normal.
d. In a desert, some plants
(1) have a means to capture and store water.
(2) have a limited ability to store water.
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b.
c.
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14.2 EVIDENCE
OF
EVOLUTION (PP. 224–227)
• The fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy, and comparative biochemistry support the hypothesis
of common descent.
In questions 12–15, match the statements to the type of evidence supporting evolution:
a. The succession of life-forms is revealed through preserved remnants.
b. Related organisms share homologous structures.
c. Closely related organisms have high correlations in DNA base sequences.
d. Organisms arise and disperse from place of origin.
e. Classification includes at least seven categories.
12.
fossil record
13.
biogeography
14.
comparative anatomy
15.
comparative biochemistry
K E Y WO R D C RO S S WO R D
Review key terms by completing this crossword puzzle, using the following alphabetized list of terms:
1
2
3
4
5
6
adaptation
analogous
biogeography
evolution
fitness
fossil record
natural selection
speciation
strata
7
8
Across
1 environmental mechanism resulting in certain organisms reproducing
4 organism’s modification in structure, function, or
behavior that makes it suitable to the environment
6 history of life recorded from remains from the past
7 layer of sedimentary rock
8 study of the geographical distribution of organisms
Down
2 structure that has a similar function in separate lineages differing in anatomy and ancestry
3 descent of organisms from common ancestors with
the development of genetic and phenotypic changes
over time
5 origin of new species due to descent with modification
6 ability of an organism to reproduce more compared
to other members of a population
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CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test.
1. Each is a pre-Darwinian view of evolution EXCEPT
a. adaptation to the environment comes from a
creator.
b. each species is specially created.
c. hypotheses regarding species can be tested
by experimentation.
d. the Earth is relatively young.
2. Each is an idea from taxonomy in the mideighteenth century EXCEPT
a. a fixity of species exists.
b. humans occupy the last rung of a ladder of life.
c. natural gradations exist between species.
d. species have a special creation.
3. The science of paleontology was founded by
a. Cuvier.
b. Darwin.
c. Lamarck.
d. Lyell.
4. The Galápagos Islands are off the western coast
of
a. Africa.
b. Asia.
c. North America.
d. South America.
5. Darwin claimed that the beak size of finch species
was related to their
a. body size.
b. flight pattern.
c. food source.
d. time of reproduction.
6. Select the statement that is NOT a tenet of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
a. Members of a population have heritable
variations.
b. Members of a population will compete.
c. Populations tend to reproduce in small
numbers.
d. Some population members have adaptive
characteristics.
7. Each could be an example of adaptation
EXCEPT a
a. plant that has the broadest leaves.
b. plant that has the greatest height.
c. predator that has the keenest eyesight.
d. prey species that runs the slowest.
8. An adaptation promotes
a. only the chance to reproduce.
b. survival only.
c. the chance to survive and reproduce.
d. neither the chance to reproduce nor the chance
to survive.
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9. Darwin’s studies closely matched the independent work of
a. Cuvier.
b. Lamarck.
c. Lyell.
d. Wallace.
10. Vertebrate forelimbs are most likely to be studied in
a. biogeography.
b. comparative anatomy.
c. comparative biochemistry.
d. ecological physiology.
11. Biochemical evidence supporting evolution would
show that
a. there are more base differences between yeasts
and humans than between pigs and humans.
b. there are more base differences between monkeys and humans than between pigs and humans.
c. monkeys and humans have almost the same sequence of bases.
d. Both a and c are correct.
12. Comparative anatomy demonstrates that
a. each species has its own structures, indicating no relationship with any other species.
b. different vertebrates have widely different
body plans.
c. different species can have similar structures
traceable to a common ancestor.
d. fossils bear no anatomical similarities to
modern-day species.
13. The study of biogeography shows that
a. the same species of plants and animals are
found on different continents whenever the
environment is the same.
b. one species can spread out and give rise to many
species, each adapted to varying environments.
c. the structure and function of organisms bear
no relationship to the environment.
d. barriers do not prevent the same species from
spreading around the world.
14. Which is NOT true of fossils?
a. They are evidences of life in the past.
b. They look exactly like modern-day species, regardless of their age.
c. In general, the older the fossil, the less it resembles modern-day species.
d. They indicate that life has a history.
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15. Darwin reasoned that, if the world is very old, then
a. taxonomy will have to give up the binomial system of nomenclature.
b. evolution could not have occurred.
c. geological changes occur in a relatively short
period of time.
d. there was time for evolution to occur.
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
The introduction to this chapter discusses the growing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics.
16. Darwin said that populations (members of a species) become adapted to their environments. What
environment do resistant bacteria become adapted to? _______________________________________________________
17. During natural selection, the environment selects certain organisms to reproduce. What type of bacteria did
the environment select to reproduce? ________________________________________________________________________
18. During artificial selection of dogs, who was the selective agent? _____________________________________________
19. Does artificial selection result in adaptation to the environment? ____________________________________________
Explain. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Results: ______ number correct ÷ 19 = ______ × 100 = ______ %
EXPLORING
THE
INTERNET
ARIS, the Essentials of Biology website: http://www.mhhe.com/maderessentials
ARIS, the website for Essentials of Biology, offers access to a wide variety of tools to help students learn biological
concepts and to reinforce their knowledge. Online study aids such as practice quizzes, interactive activities, animations, labeling exercises, flashcards, and much more are organized according to the major sections of each chapter.
There is even an online tutorial service!
ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER KEY TERMS
a. speciation b. fossil record c. vestigial structure
d. homologous structure e. strata f. adaptation g. biogeography h. artificial selection i. natural selection
j. uniformitarianism k. analogous structure l. fitness
m. evolution
KEYWORD CROSSWORD
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1. a. F b. T c. F d. T 2. a. pre b. post c. post
d. pre 3. a. C b. L c. C d. L 4. a. resemblance or
similarity b. related c. changed d. similarly e. common f. evolution 5. a. Originally, giraffe necks varied. b. Struggle to exist causes long-necked giraffes to
have the most offspring. c. Due to natural selection, most
giraffes now have long necks. 6. c, a, d, b 7. a 8. d
9. c 10. b 11. a. 1 b. 1 c. 2 d. 2 12. a 13. d 14. b
15. c
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STUDY EXERCISES
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CHAPTER TEST
1. c 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. c 7. d 8. c 9. d
10. b 11. d 12. c 13. b 14. b 15. d 16. presence of antibiotic 17. The few bacteria that were resistant were selected to reproduce. 18. humans 19. No,
because the dogs weren’t selected on the basis of adaptation to the environment.
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