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Compare and contrast the key characteristics and values of the city-states of Athens and Sparta. Vocabulary: city-state, polis, acropolis, agora, hoplite, phalanx. Identify: the Parthenon and the Acropolis of Athens. Identify forms of governing: democracy, oligarchy, monarchy, aristocracy, tyrant. •Central focus was the city-state or polis. •A town, city, or surrounding village. •Where we get the word “politics.” The Athenian Treasury – on the acropolis. •The country of Greece is a peninsula. •The Peloponnesus looks like a hand. •Monotheistic or Polytheistic? •Main gathering for the polis (city )was on a hill, or acropolis. •Acropolis was a fortified area on a hill. •The most famous acropolis is in Athens. •It features the Parthenon. •The Parthenon above. •Built by Phidias and a team of sculptures. •This was a temple dedicated to Athena. •Below the acropolis was the agora. •The agora was the open marketplace. •Hoplites – soldiers with short swords, a round shield and a thrusting spear. •Phalanx – close formation, wall of shields. •City- states – cities that behaved like independent nations. •Mountains separated them – developed unique identities. •Rarely joined together. •Athens – near the sea. •Involved in trade. •Strong navy. •Encourages free thought and culture. •Glorified mankind. “Humanists.” •Worldly and rational. •Exalted free inquiry. •Competitive •Beauty of the male body. •Left – the Boxer and the Discus Thrower. •Knowledge is supreme. •Nobility of human achievement. •Democracy – belief in the individual’s rights. •Vine and olive products: olive oils, and olives. •Monarchs – Kings •Aristocracy – government is run by a small group of nobles. Nobles owned the land. •Oligarchy – rule by a few people. •Tyrant – a single individual who seizes control. •Direct democracy – all male citizens have the right to vote. The tyrant Solon above Date Athenian Leaders 621 BC Draco 594 BC Solon 546 BC Pisistratus 508 BC Cleisthenes Reforms Writes first legal code. Made contracts establishing property rights. Started debt slavery. Outlawed debt slavery. All citizens were allowed to participate in the government Assembly. Citizens were able to bring charges. Exported grapes and olives. Taxed rich farmers to fund a building program. Helped peasants buy farm equipment. All citizens could submit a law. Council of 500 chosen by lot. Council advised the Assembly. LEGISLATIVE – LAW MAKING THE ASSEMBLY Consisted of all male citizens over 20 years old. Made the laws and voted policy and taxes. THE COUNCIL OF 500 Chosen by lot to serve one year. Proposed laws to the Assembly. EXECUTIVE BRANCH NINE ARCHONS AND A COMMANDER IN CHIEF JUDICIAL BRANCH Elected annually by the Assembly. Consisted of member of the Assembly who were chosen by lot. They tried all law cases. Directed policy and the armed forces. Other Officials – chosen by lot to serve one year. JURIES •How many branches are there in the US government? •Do we also possess some form of democracy? •Sparta – landlocked. Strong army. •Military state. •Isolated, does not encourage foreigners or trade. •Spartan baby washed with wine. •Examined by council of Elders. •Left to die if sickly. A Spartan Phalanx •8 – Sent to the agoge where 13 years of training began . Beaten, forced marches barefoot. •Housed with the other boys. •No reaction to pain. •12 – 1 cloak to wear. •Slept on reeds. Did not bathe. •Given little foodtaught to steal. •16 – first kill a Helot. •If a Spartan male passed his military training, then he became a Spartan soldier and a privileged citizen of Sparta. •Land and rights. SPARTAN SOCIAL CLASSES Lakedaemonians or SPARTANS 1/20th of the population. They alone had political privileges. Very conservative, slow to change. Nobility. PERIOECI “The Dwellers Around” – People who had been Spartan allies or surrendered to them. They could carry on trade and manufacturing. HELOTS Bound to the soil. They had no rights in Sparta. •The Helots were enslaved by the Spartans. •They outnumbered the Spartans 20-1. A hoplite head piece above. •They had to give half their crops to the Spartans. •Spartan men always trained for war. They were not allowed another type of job. •Spartans believed that outsiders would ruin their system of training or soften their men. •30 – Spartan married. •Women received physical training. •At 60, a man could retire. *Oligarchy* 2 Kings – who led the Spartan armies on campaign. 5 Ephors They had unlimited power. They were elected each year and they were responsible for the education of the youth and the conduct of all citizens. Council of Elders – 2 Kings and 28 Citizens over the age of 60 Made decisions about the laws that would be voted on by the male assembly. The assembly would vote, not discuss or debate an issue. •The only time the Greek city states of Athens and Sparta united, was when the Greek peninsula was threatened during the Persian War.