Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Working memory wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Remember versus know judgements wikipedia , lookup
Adaptive memory wikipedia , lookup
Review Document 5: Chapters 8 and 9 Learning and Memory Learning: Classical Conditioning (= stimuli! Natural responses- applications: fears, phobias / addictions) Ivan Pavlov (Identify each below using Pavlov’s experiment) US UR NS (neutral stimulus) CS CR Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization / Discrimination John Watson Aversive conditioning / Baby Albert Second order (higher order conditioning) Garcia and Koelling: experiment: animals/humans biologically wired to make certain associations easier than others (ex. Food / sickness, or nausea) Operant Conditioning (=reinforcement!) Thorndike: pioneer- Law of Effect (effects of positive, negative reinforcement on behavior) Skinner (Skinner Box) Reinforcement = encourages behavior Punishment = discourages behavior Positive reinforcement: adds something pleasant Negative reinforcement: Removes something unpleasant Positive punishment: Adds something negative Negative punishment: Removes something pleasant Classify each of the following with one of four above: Taking aspirin for a headache =__________ $25 for each A you make= _________ Losing your license for speeding = ______________ Spanking child for a tantrum = ________ Shaping Chaining Primary reinforcers: natural reinforcers- food, water, rest etc. Secondary reinforcers: things we learn to value (money, praise etc.) Fixed ratio (FR) Fixed # of responses for reinforcement (quick learning, quick extinction) Variable ratio (VR) Reinforcement after varied # of responses (slowest extinction) Fixed Interval (FI) / Variable Interval (VI) Token Economy: Tokens as positive reinforcement (schools, prisons, mental institutions) Instinctive Drift: ignore reinforcement to follow natural behavior Premack principle: Preferred behavior can be used to reinforce unpreferred behavior (“eat lima beans and you may be excused”) Other forms of learning: escape vs. avoidance / Cognitive / Observant / Latent / Insight Memory (storing of information over time) Automatic vs. Effortful processing Encoding (placing info into memory) Next-in-line Effect: we seldom remember what last person said if we are next… Spacing effect: we encode better when we study / practice over time Serial positioning effect: remember first and last, but forget the middle Types of encoding ___________ encoding: encoding of meaning ___________ encoding: encoding of sound ___________ encoding: encoding of picture images Encoding strategies Self-reference effect: Peg word: Chunking: Key word system: Loci: Storage (retaining info) Three Stage Process theory: sensory input, encoding, retrieving (sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory) Iconic memory: visual “snap shot” of great detail- lasts only 1 second (sensory memory) Echoic Memory: auditory memory (what you hear) lasts about 4 seconds (sensory memory) Short term memory: “working memory” (whatever your working on at the moment) Long term memory Long-term Potentiation (LTP): Leading theory: neural connections gradually strengthen through rehearsal (repeated use) Flash-bulb memory: Types of Long-term memory o Explicit (declarative: with conscience recall) __________ = general knowledge / _______ = experiences (life events) o Implicit (nondeclarative / procedural) Skills (motor and cognitive / classical and operant conditioning Hippocampus = memory! Amygdala = emotional memory Retrieval (getting info out of memory) Priming effect: people remember better / faster to an item if similar item precedes it. (repetition priming and semantic priming) Context effect: remember better if in same context / location you experienced it Tip-of-the-tongue effect: Mood-congruent theory: tendency to recall experiences consistent with current mood (good or bad) State dependent theory: remembering events better when in same state of consciousness Forgetting Interference theory o Proactive interference: old information gets in the way of new information o Retroactive interference: new information gets in the way of old information Consolidation Failure: injuries, seizures etc. (Retrograde vs. Aterograde amnesia) Ebbinghaus curve