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The Liberators WHAP/Napp “The United States, in winning independence, set a precedent that was more infectious than could have been predicted. One of the sugar colonies in the West Indies was the first to follow the path of the new United States. Santo Domingo, a long and mountainous island, was held by the Spanish in the east and the French in the west, where the colony was called Saint-Domingue. The French Revolution temporarily weakened France’s control of its colony. Likewise the message of the revolutionists that all people were equal was seized upon in 1791 by those inhabitants of the French colony who decidedly were not equal: the African slaves on the sugar plantations owned by the French and the mulattos who were neither slaves nor citizens. In a sudden uprising they took control. In 1794 the French planters, many of whom crossed to the continent and settled in Louisiana, persuaded the British to reconquer the colony: Britain needed little persuading, knowing that the uprising of slaves here might be followed by uprisings in British slave colonies. But the British failed in their attempt at conquest, losing some 20,000 men to yellow fever or the weapons of the African-American defenders. In 1801 France sent across the Atlantic a powerful fleet to regain control. Two years later, with the war resuming in Europe, France withdrew from the island. In the following year a black man proclaimed himself the emperor of the new nation of Haiti. After nearly three centuries the Americas again possessed not only an emperor but a tiny nation which, in the worlds of the English Annual Register, ‘presented an image of liberty and equality highly captivating to men groaning under degradation and bondage.’ Now the Americas had two independent nations: the USA and Haiti. The turbulent events in Europe paved the way for more independent nations. When in 1808 Napoleon invaded Spain, the Spanish colonies on the far side of the Atlantic were given their chance to take the side of Spain or seize their liberty. By 1810, all the way from Spanish Mexico to the Spanish colonial ports near the Andes, there were civil wars or wars of liberation, battles on sea and land, executions of mutineers and innumerable reprisals. Along the River Plate was seen the strange sight of the town of Buenos Aires proclaiming its independence while its rival port of Montevideo, remaining loyal to the motherland, showed its loyalty by bombarding Buenos Aires. The virtual end of the Napoleonic Wars allowed Spain, liberated at last, to resist the attempts of its colonies to liberate themselves; but it was too late. By 1821 the present map of Central and South America had largely taken shape, with a free Mexico, a new cluster of Central American republics, a free Peru, a free Chile and a free Paraguay, along with a free Republic of the River Plate which later was divided into Argentina and Uruguay.” ~ A Short History of the World 1- Describe the events in Saint-Domingue. __________________________________________________________________ 2- Why did the British try to conquer the island? __________________________________________________________________ 3- What happened on the island in 1801 and then two years later? __________________________________________________________________ 4- How did Napoleon’s invasion of Spain affect the Spanish colonies? __________________________________________________________________ Notes: I. Independence Movements in Latin America A. The final act in the Atlantic revolutions took place in Latin America B. Influenced by preceding events in North America, France, and Haiti C. Native-born elites in Spanish colonies, creoles, were offended by Spanish monarchy’s efforts to exercise power through heavier taxes and tariffs D. But unlike North Americahad little tradition of local self-government E. Spanish colonial societymore authoritarian, divided by class, Catholic F. Whites were also vastly outnumbered by Native Americans, people of African ancestry, or individuals of mixed race G. In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, deposing Spanish king and forcing Portuguese royal family into exile in Brazil H. With legitimate royal authority in disarray, Latin Americans took action I. Outcome was independence for various states in Latin America by 1826 J. In Mexico, the move toward independence began in 1810 in a peasant insurrection, driven by hunger for land and high food prices K. Led successively by two priests, Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos, peasant insurrection frightened creole landowners and was crushed L. Later creole elites brought Mexico to independence in 1821 M. An abortive rebellion of Native Americans in Peru in the early 1780s, reminded whites that a society with many exploited could easily explode N. Yet leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín required support of people solution found in nativism which cast all born in Americas as Americanos But lower classes benefitted little from independence O. And distances among colonies and geographic obstacles there would be no “Gran Colombia” (Bolívar’s dream of a united South America) II. The Ideals of the Atlantic Revolutions and Reactions to the Ideals A. Within Europe following Napoleon’s defeat, representatives at Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) tried to restore old ways and redrew borders to create a balance of power but revolutions still broke out in Europe B. Universal male suffrage by 1914 in Western Europe, USA, and Argentina C. And from roughly 1780 to 1890, slavery lost its legitimacy and largely ended D. Also Russian tsar freed serfs in 1861 E. United States was only slaveholding society in which end of slavery occurred through a bitter, prolonged, and highly destructive civil war (1861-1865) I. Yet nowhere in the Atlantic world, except Haiti, did a redistribution of land follow end of slavery economic lives of former slaves did not improve J. And in West and East Africa, the end of the external slave trade decreased prices for slaves which increased their use within African societies K. Europeans justified colonial rule in Africa in late nineteenth century with claim that they were doing so to emancipate enslaved Africans III. Nationalism A. Europe’s modern transformation facilitated nationalism B. Migration to industrial cities diminished allegiance to local communities C. Nationalism inspired the political unification of Germany under leadership of Otto von Bismarck and Prussian state D. And unification of Italy under leadership of Count Camillo di Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Giuseppe Garibaldi by 1871 E. Encouraged Greeks and Serbs to assert independence from Ottomans F. Czechs and Hungarians demanded more autonomy within Austrian Empire G. By end of nineteenth century, small Zionist movement, seeking a homeland in Palestine, had emerged among Europe’s frequently persecuted Jews IV. Feminism A. French Revolution many women participated in revolution B. First organized expressionwomen’s right conference in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 C. By 1870s, feminists in West were focusing primarily suffrage D. 1893, New Zealand became first country to give vote to all adult women E. But in France, female suffrage was not achieved until 1945 Complete the Graphic Organizer Below: Latin American Independence and More Effects of Atlantic Revolutions Causes and Effects as Well as Specific Examples Regarding Latin American Independence Movements: Impact on Slavery and Serfs (Be Specific): Impact on Women and Rise of Feminism: Questions: How were the Spanish American revolutions shaped by the American, French, and Haitian revolutions that happened earlier? What accounts for the end of Atlantic slavery during the nineteenth century? How did the end of slavery affect the lives of the former slaves? What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political and personal identity in the nineteenth century? What were the achievements and limitations of nineteenth-century feminism? 1. Which event in Europe contributed 4. Which social practices of the early most directly to the wave of United States were replicated in independence struggle in early newly independent Spanish Latin nineteenth-century Latin America? America? (A) Publication of the Gutenberg (A) Slavery was maintained. bible (B) Women remained subordinate to (B) The Reconquista men. (C) Napoleon’s invasion of Spain (C) Property restrictions were (D) Fascist aerial bombardment of placed on voting. Guernica (D) Established colonial elites moved (E) Onset of World War I to the top ranks of political power. 2. Why was the struggle for Brazilian (E) All of the above. independence distinctive in Latin American history? 5. Which of the following concerns (A) Brazil was the only colony whose made Creole elites, who yearend for economy was dependent on cash independence from Spain, what we crops. might call “cautious (B) Brazil remained a monarchy revolutionaries”? after independence. (A) Fear that the Spanish monarchs (C) Brazil abolished slavery before were more capable rulers independence was achieved. (B) Fear that continued rapid (D) Brazil was the first colony to industrialization would create achieve independence. urban instability (E) Brazil was the only ethnically (C) A growing communist threat diverse colony where racial inspired by the example of the hierarchy did not exist before or Bolshevik Revolution after independence. (D) Fear that slaves and other oppressed groups would target 3. After the United States, which was local elites as part of a general the next New World colony to gain social upheaval independence from Europe? (E) Fear that women would reject (A) Mexico subordination in the private and (B) Argentina public spheres if independence (C) Brazil were achieved (D) Haiti (E) Cuba Thesis Statement: Comparative: Independence and After: Haiti and Latin America ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________