Download The Liberators WHAP/Napp Do Now: “The formal philosophy and

The Liberators
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“The formal philosophy and rhetoric of enlightenment and revolution proclaimed the
natural desire of all humans to be free, and in the slave plantations of the Caribbean local
slave revolts were common, feared, and ruthlessly suppressed. In the western sector of the
island of Hispaniola in the colony of Saint-Domingue (modern Haiti), French planters had
established one of the most brutal of the slave plantation systems. By 1791, 500,000 black
slaves formed the overwhelming majority of the population, with 40,000 whites, many of
them slave owners, and 30,000 free people of color, both mulatto and black. For decades,
the slaves had escaped psychologically and culturally through the practice of vodoun
(voodoo), a religion that blended the Catholicism of their masters with religious practices
brought from Africa. Physically, they had escaped through maroonage, flight from the
plantations to the surrounding hills. Sometimes the escaped slaves, maroons, established
their own colonies. In the 1750s one of the maroons, François Makandal, built among the
maroon colonies a network of resistance to slavery. Inspired to independence by vodoun
beliefs and using poison to attack individual plantation owners, Makandal apparently
planned to poison the water supply of Le Cap, the main town of northern Saint-Domingue,
but he was captured and burned at the stake in 1758.
In 1791, slave revolts broke out across Saint-Domingue. The inspiration seems to have
been the natural desire for freedom, perhaps abetted by news of the American and French
revolutions. One of the earliest rallying cries, delivered by the poet Boukman Dutty in
Haitian-French patois, “Couté la liberté li pale nan coeur nous tous” – “Listen to the voice
of liberty which speaks in the hearts of all of us.”
The revolt spread. In the western part of Saint-Domingue, white planters welcomed the
support of British troops who came as allies to suppress the slave revolt and also to drive
out the French. In the eastern part of Saint-Domingue, a new leader, Toussaint
L’Ouverture, a freed black, established an alliance with the Spanish rulers against both the
slave system in Saint-Domingue and the French. Toussaint incorporated the rhetoric of the
French Revolution into his own. In 1794, under Robespierre, the French National
Assembly abolished slavery in all French colonies. In response, Toussaint linked himself to
France as he continued his war against slaveowners, who were now aligned with the British
and who resisted the new French decree. By May 1800 Toussaint had become the effective
ruler of Saint Domingue.
When Napoleon came to power in 1799 he reversed French policy on slavery and
dispatched French troops to recapture the island and to reinstitute slavery. Napoleon’s
representative deceived Toussaint into suspending his revolution. Toussaint was
imprisoned in 1802 and exiled to France, where he died the next year. Nevertheless, unified
black and mulatto armies continued the struggle against France, drove out its forces, and
abolished slavery. 50,000 French troops died of yellow fever. On January 1, 1804,
independence was proclaimed and the nation renamed Haiti, the Carib name for mountain.
This completed the only known successful slave revolution in history.” ~ The World’s
History
1- Identify the causes and effects of Haitian independence. ________________________
I.
A.
B.
C.
Independence Movements in Latin America
The final act in the Atlantic revolutions took place in Latin America
Influenced by preceding events in North America, France, and Haiti
Native-born elites in Spanish colonies, creoles, were offended by Spanish
monarchy’s efforts to exercise power through heavier taxes and tariffs
D. But unlike North America, there was little tradition of local self-government
E. Spanish colonial society was more authoritarian, divided by class, and Catholic
F. Whites were also vastly outnumbered by Native Americans and Africans
G. In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, deposing the Spanish king and
forcing Portuguese royal family into exile in Brazil
H. With legitimate royal authority in disarray, Latin Americans took action
I. Outcome was independence for various states in Latin America by 1826
J. In Mexico, the move toward independence began in 1810 in a peasant insurrection,
driven by hunger for land and high food prices
K. Led successively by two priests, Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos, peasant
insurrection frightened creole landowners and was crushed
L. Later creole elites brought Mexico to independence in 1821
M. Leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín in South America found the
solution in nativism which cast all born in Americas as Americanos
N. Geographic obstacles prevented “Gran Colombia” (Bolívar’s dream of a united
South America)
II. The Ideals of the Atlantic Revolutions and Reactions to the Ideals
A. Universal male suffrage by 1914 in Western Europe, USA, and Argentina
B. From roughly 1780 to 1890, slavery lost its legitimacy and largely ended
C. Also Russian tsar freed serfs in 1861
D. In the United States, slavery was abolished after a highly destructive civil war
I. Yet nowhere in the Atlantic world, except Haiti, did a redistribution of land follow
end of slavery; thus the economic lives of former slaves did not improve
J. And in West and East Africa, the end of the external slave trade decreased prices for
slaves which increased their use within African societies
III. Nationalism
A. Nationalism inspired the political unification of Germany under leadership of Otto
von Bismarck and Prussian state
B. And unification of Italy under leadership of Count Camillo di Cavour, Giuseppe
Mazzini, and Giuseppe Garibaldi by 1871
C. Encouraged Greeks and Serbs to assert independence from Ottomans
D. Czechs and Hungarians demanded more autonomy within Austrian Empire
E. By end of nineteenth century, small Zionist movement, seeking a homeland in
Palestine, had emerged among Europe’s frequently persecuted Jews
IV. Feminism
A. Many women participated in the French Revolution
B. The first organized expression of feminism occurred at the women’s right
conference in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848
C. By 1870s, feminists in the West were focusing primarily suffrage
D. 1893, New Zealand became first country to give vote to all adult women
E. Ironically, in France, female suffrage was not achieved until 1945
1- Where did the final act of the Atlantic Revolutions take place?
________________________________________________________________________
2- What events encouraged Latin Americans to fight for independence?
________________________________________________________________________
3- Who were the Creoles?
________________________________________________________________________
4- Why were Creoles dissatisfied with Spanish colonial policies?
________________________________________________________________________
5- How did Spanish colonial society differ from colonial society in North America?
________________________________________________________________________
6- How did Napoleon’s invasion of Spain impact Latin Americans?
________________________________________________________________________
7- When did the majority of Latin American nations achieve independence?
________________________________________________________________________
8- What factors led to an independence movement in Mexico?
________________________________________________________________________
9- Why were independence movements by Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos crushed?
________________________________________________________________________
10- Latin American independence movements were led by cautious creoles. Why?
________________________________________________________________________
11- While creoles wanted independence, what did they not want?
________________________________________________________________________
12- Who were Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín?
________________________________________________________________________
13- What was Bolívar’s “Gran Colombia”?
________________________________________________________________________
14- What prevented “Gran Colombia” from being realized?
________________________________________________________________________
15- How did the Atlantic Revolutions change suffrage in Europe and the U.S.A.?
________________________________________________________________________
16- What did the Russian tsar do in 1861?
________________________________________________________________________
17- How was slavery finally abolished in the United States? Can you date this event?
________________________________________________________________________
18- What was significant about the Haitian revolution?
________________________________________________________________________
19- How did the end of the Transatlantic Slave Trade impact African societies?
________________________________________________________________________
20- What philosophy inspired the unification of Germany and Italy?
________________________________________________________________________
21- Who was Otto von Bismarck and why was he significant?
________________________________________________________________________
22- Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi and why was he significant?
________________________________________________________________________
23- Explain the origins and goals of the early modern feminist movement.
________________________________________________________________________
1. Which event in Europe contributed most
directly to the wave of independence
struggle in early nineteenth-century
Latin America?
(A) Publication of the Gutenberg bible
(B) The Reconquista
(C) Napoleon’s invasion of Spain
(D) Fascist aerial bombardment of
Guernica
(E) Onset of World War I
2. Why was the struggle for Brazilian
independence distinctive in Latin
American history?
(A) Brazil was the only colony whose
economy was dependent on cash
crops.
(B) Brazil remained a monarchy after
independence.
(C) Brazil abolished slavery before
independence was achieved.
(D) Brazil was the first colony to achieve
independence.
(E) Brazil was the only ethnically diverse
colony where racial hierarchy did
not exist before or after
independence.
3. After the United States, which was the
next New World colony to gain
independence from Europe?
(A) Mexico
(B) Argentina
(C) Brazil
(D) Haiti
(E) Cuba
4. Which social practices of the early
United States were replicated in newly
independent Spanish Latin America?
(A) Slavery was maintained.
(B) Women remained subordinate to
men.
(C) Property restrictions were placed on
voting.
(D) Established colonial elites moved to
the top ranks of political power.
(E) All of the above.
5. Which of the following concerns made
Creole elites, who yearend for
independence from Spain, what we
might call “cautious revolutionaries”?
(A) Fear that the Spanish monarchs
were more capable rulers
(B) Fear that continued rapid
industrialization would create urban
instability
(C) A growing communist threat
inspired by the example of the
Bolshevik Revolution
(D) Fear that slaves and other oppressed
groups would target local elites as
part of a general social upheaval
(E) Fear that women would reject
subordination in the private and
public spheres if independence were
achieved
Thesis Practice: Comparative
Analyze similarities and differences in methods, goals, and outcomes of the independence
movement in Haiti as compared to the rest of Latin America.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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