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The Liberators WHAP/Napp Cues: Objective: To identify and explain the effects of the Atlantic Revolutions Do Now: What were the Atlantic Revolutions and what ideals did the revolutions foster? Notes: I. Independence Movements in Latin America A. The final act in the Atlantic revolutions took place in Latin America B. Influenced by preceding events in North America, France, and Haiti C. Native-born elites in Spanish colonies, creoles, were offended by Spanish monarchy’s efforts to exercise power through heavier taxes and tariffs D. But unlike North Americahad little tradition of local self-government E. Spanish colonial society was far more authoritarian and divided by class and culture was informed by a strict Catholicism F. Whites were also vastly outnumbered by Native Americans, people of African ancestry, or individuals of mixed race G. In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, deposing the Spanish king Ferdinand VII and forcing the Portuguese royal family into exile in Brazil H. With legitimate royal authority in disarray, Latin Americans took action I. Outcome was independence for various states in Latin America by 1826 J. In Mexico, the move toward independence began in 1810 in a peasant insurrection, driven by hunger for land and by high food prices K. Led successively by two priests, Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos, peasant insurrection frightened creole landowners and was crushed L. Later creole elites brought Mexico to independence in 1821 M. An abortive rebellion of Native Americans in Peru in the early 1780s, made in the name of the last Inca emperor, Tupac Amaru reminded whites that a society with many exploited and oppressed individuals could easily explode N. Yet leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín required support of people solution found in nativism which cast all born in Americas as Americanos And lower classes benefitted little from independence O. And distances among colonies and geographic obstacles to effective communication were greater in Latin America than the eastern seaboard of the United States there would be no “Gran Colombia” (Bolívar’s dream of a united South America) II. The Ideals of the Atlantic Revolutions and Reactions to the Ideals A. Within Europe following Napoleon’s defeat, representatives at Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) tried to restore old ways and redrew borders to create a balance of power but revolutions still broke out in Europe B. Universal male suffrage was granted by 1914 in Western Europe, United States, and Argentina C. And from roughly 1780 to 1890, slavery lost its legitimacy and largely ended D. Abolitionist movement, particularly in Britain, brought growing pressure on governments to end the trade in slaves and to ban slavery Summaries: Cues: E. In 1807, Britain forbade the sale of slaves within its empire and in 1834 emancipated those who remained enslaved F. In 1807, Britain forbade the sale of slaves within its empire and in 1834 emancipated those who remained enslaved G. A similar set of conditions – fear of rebellion, economic inefficiency, and moral concerns – persuaded the Russian tsar to free the serfs in 1861 H. United States was only slaveholding society in which end of slavery occurred through a bitter, prolonged, and highly destructive civil war (1861-1865) I. Yet nowhere in the Atlantic world, except Haiti, did a redistribution of land follow the end of slavery economic lives of former slaves did not improve J. And in West and East Africa, the end of the external slave trade decreased prices for slaves which increased their use within African societies K. Europeans justified colonial rule in Africa in the late nineteenth century with the claim that they were doing so to emancipate enslaved Africans III. Nationalism A. Europe’s modern transformation facilitated nationalism, as older identities and loyalties eroded B. Migration to industrial cities diminished allegiance to local communities C. Nationalism inspired the political unification of Germany under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck and the Prussian state D. And the unification of Italy under the leadership of Count Camillo di Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Giuseppe Garibaldi by 1871 E. Encouraged Greeks and Serbs to assert independence from Ottomans F. Czechs and Hungarians demanded more autonomy within Austrian Empire G. By end of nineteenth century, small Zionist movement, seeking a homeland in Palestine, had emerged among Europe’s frequently persecuted Jews H. Popular nationalism made the normal rivalry among European states more acute and fueled a competitive drive for colonies in Asia and Africa I. In the hands of conservatives, nationalism could be used to combat socialism and feminism, for those movements only divided the nation J. An “Egypt for Egyptians” movement arose in the 1870s as British and French intervention in Egyptian affairs deepened K. The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 L. Idea of the Ottoman Empire as a Turkish national state rather than a Muslim or dynastic empire took hold among a few people IV. Feminism A. Third echo of Atlantic revolutions lay in emergence of a feminist movement B. French Revolution raised possibility of re-creating human societies on new foundations many women participated in the revolution C. First organized expression of this new feminism took place at a women’s right conference in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 D. By the 1870s, feminists in the West were focusing primarily suffrage E. 1893, New Zealand became first country to give the vote to all adult women F. But in France, female suffrage was not achieved until 1945 G. Feminism did not have revolutionary consequences but it still raises issues Summaries: Questions: How were the Spanish American revolutions shaped by the American, French, and Haitian revolutions that happened earlier? What accounts for the end of Atlantic slavery during the nineteenth century? How did the end of slavery affect the lives of the former slaves? What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political and personal identity in the nineteenth century? What were the achievements and limitations of nineteenth-century feminism? 1. Which event in Europe contributed 4. Which social practices of the early most directly to the wave of United States were replicated in independence struggle in early newly independent Spanish Latin nineteenth-century Latin America? America? (A) Publication of the Gutenberg (A) Slavery was maintained. bible (B) Women remained subordinate to (B) The Reconquista men. (C) Napoleon’s invasion of Spain (C) Property restrictions were placed (D) Fascist aerial bombardment of on voting. Guernica (D) Established colonial elites moved (E) Onset of World War I to the top ranks of political power. 2. Why was the struggle for Brazilian (E) All of the above. independence distinctive in Latin American history? 5. Which of the following concerns (A) Brazil was the only colony whose made Creole elites, who yearend for economy was dependent on cash independence from Spain, what we crops. might call “cautious (B) Brazil remained a monarchy revolutionaries”? after independence. (A) Fear that the Spanish monarchs (C) Brazil abolished slavery before were more capable rulers independence was achieved. (B) Fear that continued rapid (D) Brazil was the first colony to industrialization would create achieve independence. urban instability (E) Brazil was the only ethnically (C) A growing communist threat diverse colony where racial inspired by the example of the hierarchy did not exist before or Bolshevik Revolution after independence. (D) Fear that slaves and other oppressed groups would target 3. After the United States, which was local elites as part of a general the next New World colony to gain social upheaval independence from Europe? (E) Fear that women would reject (A) Mexico subordination in the private and (B) Argentina public spheres if independence (C) Brazil were achieved (D) Haiti (E) Cuba Excerpt from tamu.edu The stage for the upheaval and dissatisfaction that gave rise to Mexican independence was set by political and economic changes in Europe and its American colonies of the late 18th and 19th centuries. The French revolution and Napoleonic wars diverted attention of Spain from its colonies leaving a vacuum and increasing dissatisfaction and desire for local government. The forced removal of Ferdinand VII from the Spanish thrown and his replacement by Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother presented opportunity for Mexican intelligentsia to promote independence in the name of the legitimate Spanish king. From its inception the colonial government of New Spain was dominated by Spanish born Peninsulares or Guachapins, who held most leadership positions in the church and government, in contrast to Mexican-born Criollos (Creoles) who were the ten to one majority. Neither Peninsulares nor upper class Criollos desired to involve the masses of native Indians and mestizos in government or moves for local control. In 1808 the Peninsulares learned of Viceroy Jose de Iturrigaray’s intent to form a junta with Creole factions, a move that he thought might make him King of an independent Mexican kingdom. In an armed attack on the palace, Peninsulares arrested Iturrigaray and replaced him with puppet Pedro Garibay after which they carried out bloody reprisals against Criollos who were suspected of disloyalty. Although reform movements paused, political and economic instability in Europe continued as well as hardship and unrest in the Americas… In September 1810, Father Hidalgo was forced to prematurely distribute the Grito de Dolores to his parishioners and nearby residents which was an appeal for social and economic reform. With little organization and no training, essentially a mob of thousands of primarily Indians and mestizos overwhelmed royal forces in Guanajuato, and proceeded to murder and loot Peninsulares, Criollos and other "whites" in their path. The force continued to Mexico City and defeated royalist on the outskirts, but did not enter and occupy the city after which the ragged revolutionary army returned home. Hidalgo and his Creole officers were later able to assemble an army of 80,000 by payment with looted Peninsular gold and assets. Viceroy Francisco Javier Venegas, and his soon to be successor Gen. Félix María Calleja del Rey responded to the insurgency with a vengeance and in January 1811 Hidalgo suffered a serious defeat outside Guadalajara where rebel forces were routed at Calderon Bridge. Bloody retaliation followed by mass executions of suspected rebel sympathizers by Spanish crown forces under Viceroy Calleja Del Rey. Hidalgo and associates turned toward the Northern provinces Nuevo Santander, Nuevo León, Coahuila and Texas for refuge where local sympathy for the rebellion and independence continued. Royalist forces in Nuevo Santander refused to fight against the insurgents as well as troops under Governor Manuel Antonio Cordero y Bustamante in Coahuila. As the royalist forces moved north to crush resistance, it was only in Coahuila and Texas that revolutionary events continued. On 21 March 1811, a periodic rebel turned loyalist, Ignacio Elizondo, ambushed Ignacio Allende, Father Hidalgo and associates at the Wells of Baján on the road to Monclova in Coahuila. Hidalgo and associates were captured and executed in Chihuahua… Thesis Statement: Comparative: Independence and After: Haiti and Latin America ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________