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Name _______________________________________ Entry _________ CHAPTER 4 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE PHYSICAL SCIENCE I. Atomic Structure A. Objectives 1. Explain _________________________ and describes why it was more successful than _________________________________________ 2. State the ______________________ of each part of an atom according to the ___________________________________________________ 3. Compare and contrast __________________________________ of the atom B. What are atoms? 1. Our understanding of atoms required many centuries a. The idea of an atom – which means _____________________ – dates back to the Greek philosopher _____________, who lived in the fourth century BCE. 2. John Dalton developed the ___________________________________ a. Like Democritus, Dalton proposed that ___________________ ___________. Dalton’s was the first atomic theory with a ___________________________________ 3. An atom is the _____________________________________________ _________________________________________ 4. Atoms are the _____________________________________________ C. What’s in an atom? 1. Atoms are made of _________________________________________ a. At the center of each atom is a __________________________ ______________________________________________________ b. The nucleus is made of _______ (a subatomic particle that has a positive charge) and ___________ (a subatomic particle that has no charge) c. Moving around outside the nucleus is a ___________________ _____________________________________________________ 2. Unreacted atoms have no ____________________________________ a. Although atoms are made of charged particles, they do not have an overall charge _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. A helium atom is made of _____________________________ _____________________________________________________ D. Models of the Atom 1. Bohr’s model compares electrons to __________________________ a. In 1913, the Danish scientist Niels Bohr suggested that _________________________________________________ much like the planets orbit the sun in our solar system 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. b. In Bohr’s model, electrons can only be in _________________ Electrons act more like _____________________ a. By 1925, Bohr’s model of the atom no longer explained ___________________________________ b. A new model was proposed, in which ____________________ _____________________________________________________ An electron’s exact location __________________________________ a. It is impossible to determine ____________________________ ______________________________________________________ b. The best scientists can do is calculate the _______ of finding an electron in a ___________________________________________ Electrons exist in energy levels a. The number of filled energy levels an atom has depends on the ____________________________________________________ Electrons are found in ______________________________________ a. An orbital is a _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. An s orbital is shaped like a ______________________ c. A p orbital is __________________ and can be oriented ______ different ways in space Every atom has between _______________________ valence electrons a. Valence electrons are found in the ______________ of an atom and determine the atom’s ________________________________ b. Valence electrons are the ______________________________ _____________________________________________________ II. Section 2: A Guided Tour of the Periodic Table A. Objectives 1. Relate the organization of the ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Explain why ______________________________________________ 3. Determine how many _______________________________________, given its symbol, _____________________________________________ 4. Describe how the __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ B. Organization of the Periodic Table 1. The periodic table groups similar elements _____________________ a. this organization makes it easier to ______________________ _____________________________________________________ b. elements are listed in order of ________________, because the periodic law states that when elements are arranged this way, _____________________________________________________ 2. The periodic table helps determine ____________________________ a. horizontal rows in the periodic table are called _____________ b. just as the number of protons an atom has ___________ as you move from __________________________, so does its number of _______________________________ 3. elements in the same group have ______________________________ a. a group is a _________________________ in the periodic table b. atoms of elements in the same group have the same number of _____________________________________________________ 4. Some atoms form ___________________ a. an ion is an _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. a lithium atom loses one electron to form a ________________ c. a fluorine atom gains one electron to form a _______________ C. How do the structures of atoms differ? 1. The atomic number, Z, of an atom equals the ____________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. the Mass number, A, of an atom equals the ______________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3. An isotope is an atom that has the ______________________ as other atoms of the same element do but that has a _______________________ a. example, hydrogen has three isotopes b. some isotopes are more common than others 4. If you know the atomic number and mass number of an atom, you can calculate the number of neutrons it has a. Example: uranium-235 has a mass number of 235. Like all uranium atoms, it has an atomic number of 92. The number of neutrons it has is therefore: Mass number (A): Atomic number (Z): Number of Neutrons: 5. Because the mass of a single atom is so tiny, ___________________ __________________________________________________________ 6. An atomic mass unit (amu) is equal to _________________________ __________________________________________________________ 7. The average atomic mass for an element is a ____________________ __________________________________________________________ III. Section 3: Families of Elements A. Objectives 1. Locate ______________________________________________ in the periodic table 2. Locate ___________________________________ in the periodic table 3. Relate an element’s chemical properties to the ____________________ ____________________________________________________________ B. How are elements classified? 1. The elements are classified into _______________________________ a. Most elements are metals, ______________________________ _____________________________________________________ b. Nonmetals, all except hydrogen of which are found on the right side of the periodic table, _________________________________ ______________________________________________________ c. Between these groupings are _____________, elements that can _____________________________________________________ 2. The periodic table shows the ______________ of metal, nonmetals and semiconductors C. Metals 1. The alkali metals, found in ___________ of the periodic table, are very ______________________ 2. The ________________, which include calcium, are found in Group 2 of the periodic table, and are somewhat __________ than the alkali metals 3. The transition metals, __________________________, occupy Groups 3-12 of the periodic table D. Nonmetals 1. Carbon is found in ________________________ and can form many compounds 2. Nonmetals and their compounds are ___________________________ 3. _______ such as chlorine, are located in ________ of the periodic table 4. _____________, such as neon, make up Group 18 of the periodic table. They are ___________________________ 5. Semiconductors are _________________________________________ 6. _________________ is the most familiar semiconductor a. Silicon is an important part of computer chips, as well as other semiconductor devices such as __________________________ ___________________________________________________ IV. Section 4: Using Moles to Count Atoms A. Objectives 1. Explain the relationship between a _____________________________ ____________________________________ 2. Find the molar mass of an element by ___________________________ 3. Solve problems converting the ____________________________ to its ____________________________________________________________ B. Counting Things 1. There are many different counting __________: for example, eggs are packaged by the dozen 2. The mole is useful for _______________________________________ a. a mole (abbreviation: mol) is the ________________________ ______________________________________________________ b. Avogadro’s constant is the __________________________ of a substance (6.022 x 1023) 3. Moles and grams are ______________________ 4. The mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance is called its _____________ a. For example, 1 mol of carbon-12 atoms has a molar mass of 12.00 g b. The molar mass of an element is its ________________, which is listed in the periodic table. C. Counting with Moles 1. To convert between _________________ and vice versa, you can use a conversion factor: ____________________________________________ __________________________ a. Let’s say that a shopkeeper knows that exactly 10 gumballs have a total mass of 21.4 g. This relationship can be written as either one of two equivalent conversion factors. b. What is the mass of exactly 50 gumballs? i. List the given and unknown values ii. Write down the conversion factor that converts number of gumballs to mass. iii. Multiply the number of gumballs by this conversion factor, and solve D. Calculating with Moles 1. An element’s molar mass can be used as a ______________________ 2. The diagram below show how to set up the conversion factor, depending on whether you want to convert from amount to mass or the other way around 3. Converting amount to mass: Determine the mass in grams of 5.50 mol of iron. i. List the given and unknown values ii. Write down the conversion factor that converts moles to grams. iii. Multiply the amount of iron by this conversion factor and solve. 4. Converting mass to amount: Determine the amount of iron present in 352 g of iron. i. List the given and unknown values ii. Write down the conversion factor that converts grams to moles iii. Multiply the mass of iron by this conversion factor and solve