Download Q4 Lab Biology Final Exam Study Guide

Lab Biology Final Exam
Study Guide
1. Identify basic lab safety procedures.
2. Identify and explain the steps of the Scientific Method.
3. Identify the following:
a. Theory
b. Variable
c. Controlled Experiment
4. Identify the reactants and products of a chemical reaction.
5. Define metabolism.
6. Differentiate between anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions.
7. Explain the importance of the 4 major groups of biochemical molecules.
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic Acids
8. Differentiate between a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction and a
hydrolysis reaction.
9. Differentiate between the 3 groups of carbohydrates.
a. Monosaccharides
b. Disaccharides
c. Polysaccharides
10. Differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds/molecules.
11. Identify the basic building blocks of:
a. Carbohydrates (Glucose / monosaccharides)
b. Lipids (fatty acids / glycerol)
c. Proteins (amino acids)
d. Nucleic Acids (nucleotides)
12. Identify ATP.
13. Identify the characteristics of enzymes.
14. Explain the "Lock and Key" model of enzyme activity.
15. Explain the "Induced Fit" model of enzyme activity.
16. Identify the substrates, products, and active site of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
17. Define catalyst.
18. Explain 2 factors that will influence the activity of enzymes.
19. Define cell.
20. Identify the contributions of the following to the development of the cell theory:
a. Anton von Leewenhoek
b. Robert Hooke
c. Robert Brown
d. Theodore Schwann
e. Matthias Schleiden
f. Rudolph Virchow
21. Explain the structural difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
22. Identify 3 structures common to all eukaryotic cells.
23. Label a eukaryotic cell and identify the function of the following cell organelles:
a. Nucleus
b. Cytoplasm
c. Cell membrane
d. Ribosomes
e. Mitochondria
f. Rough ER
g. Smooth ER
h. Golgi apparatus
i. Centriole
j. Lysosomes
k. Cytoskeleton
l. Vacuole
m. Chloroplast
n. Cell wall
24. Identify 3 differences between plant and animal cells.
25. Describe the structure of the cell membrane.
26. Explain how the surface area to volume ratio will influence the rate of cell
division.
27. Explain the role of enzymes in facilitated diffusion.
28. Define concentration gradient.
29. Explain the following forms of cell transport:
a. Diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Facilitated Diffusion
d. Ion Channels
e. Phagocytosis
f. Pinocytosis
g. Exocytosis
h. Endocytosis
30. Differentiate between passive and active transport.
31. Identify the following:
a. Hypotonic
b. Hypertonic
c. Isotonic
32. Define equilibrium.
33. Describe molecule movement at equilibrium.
34. Define Turgor pressure.
35. Define plasmolysis.
36. Define cytolysis.
37. Identify the following stages of the Cell Cycle:
a. G1 phase.
b. S phase.
c. G2 phase.
d. M phase.
e. Cytokinesis.
38. Describe the structure of a chromosome.
39. What is interphase?
40. Describe the 4 phases of mitosis:
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
41. Explain the purpose of meiosis.
42. Describe the phases of meiosis:
43. Explain the difference between the haploid and diploid number of chromosomes
in a cell. What type of cells would be associated with each type of cell?
44. Identify 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis.
45. Describe how cytokinesis differs between animal cells and plant cells. (Cleavage
furrow and cell plate).
46. Identify the structures of DNA and RNA.
47. Explain the process of DNA replication.
48. Explain the processes of transcription and translation and how each of the
processes has a role in protein synthesis.
49. Distinguish between a codon and an anticodon.
50. Differentiate between the 3 forms of RNA (shape / function):
a. mRNA
b. rRNA
c. tRNA
51. Identify the 4 bases / base pairs in DNA.
52. Identify the 4 bases / base pairs in RNA.
53. What is Chargaff's rule?
54. Identify purines and pyrimidines.
55. Identify the 3 molecules that make up a nucleotide.
56. Deoxyribose and ribose are what type of molecules.
57. Explain the modern definition of a gene and distinguish it from an allele.
58. Explain the difference between the terms:
a. Phenotype
b. Genotype
c. Homozygous
d. Heterozygous
e. Dominant
f. Recessive
59. Explain the purpose of Punnett Square, and demonstrate the proper way to
construct and use one in a monohybrid cross.
60. Explain the purpose of Punnett Square, and demonstrate the proper way to
construct and use one in a dihybrid cross.
61. Identify Gregor Mendel's contributions to the study of Genetics.
62. Explain incomplete dominance.
63. Explain codominance.
64. Define mutation.
65. Define linked genes.
66. Define sex linkage.
67. Explain nondisjunction.
68. Differentiate between germ cell and somatic cell mutations.
69. Identify the following types of chromosomal mutations:
a. Deletion
b. Duplication
c. Inversion
d. Translocation
70. Identify the following types of gene mutations:
a. Point
b. Frameshift
71. Explain the inheritance of ABO blood groups.
72. The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is what?
73. Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis.
74. Identify the reactants and products of cell respiration.
75. Define the following:
a. Biosphere
b. Biomass
c. Trophic Level
d. Ecosystem
e. Niche
f. Energy Pyramid
76. Differentiate between food chains and food webs.
77. Identify the following:
a. Herbivore
b. Carnivore
c. Omnivore
d. Detritovore
e. Predator
f. Prey
78. Identify the following:
a. Producer
b. Consumer (primary /secondary / tertiary)
c. Decomposer
79. Explain how energy is transferred through various trophic levels of the food
chain.
80. List the major taxonomic groups from the most inclusive to the most specfic.
81. Identfy the 6 Kingdoms of life on earth and then list the major characteristics
associated with each group.
82. Explain the system of binomial nomenclature.
83. Identify Carolus Linneaus.
84. Define taxonomy.
85. Explain how a cladogram is used to illustrate common ancestry.
86. Explain the following terms:
a. Evolution
b. Natural selection
c. Acquired characteristic
d. Derived characteristic
e. Shared characteristic
f. Homologous structures
g. Analogous structures
h. Vestigial structures
i. Adaptation
87. Identify the contributions of Lamarck and Darwin to the study of evolution.
88. Explain what is meant by "Survival of the Fittest".
89. Define a fossil and explain it's importance as evidence to support the theory of
evolution.