Download BIOL 202 Principles of Biology II: Unit 1 Learning Objectives

BIOL 202 Principles of Biology II: Unit 1 Learning Objectives
B. Krumhardt, Ph.D.
F 03
Unit I includes biochemicals, enzymes, cells, cellular respiration, metabolism, and molecular genetics.
When you are prepared for Exam I, you will be able to:
1. 1. Identify the universal solvent of life and its characteristics.
2. 2. Differentiate between acids and bases by description.
3. 3. Identify the role of buffers in homeostasis.
4. 4. Identify the major elements of life.
5. 5. Identify the definitions of: formula, isomer, polymer, condensation, hydrolysis.
6. Differentiate between the classes of macromolecules of life.
7. Identify characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
8. Identify characteristics of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols; differentiate between monounsaturated,
polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids.
9. Identify functions of proteins.
10. Identify the levels of protein structure; differentiate between fibrous and globular proteins.
11. Differentiate between types of nucleic acids.
12. Characterize the central dogma of biology.
13. Relate the laws of thermodynamics to metabolism in living systems.
14. Characterize enzymes and enzymatic reactions.
15. Characterize enzyme cofactors and coenzymes.
16. Differentiate between types of enzyme activity control.
17. Differentiate between types of microscopes.
18. Identify uses of differential centrifugation.
19. 19.
Differentiate between types of membrane transport.
20. 20.
Identify the effects of tonicity on osmosis in different types of cells.
21. 21.
Characterize cytoplasm.
22. 22.
Characterize bacterial cells.
23. 23.
Differentiate between organelles by function and description.
24. 24.
Explain endosymbiosis.
25. 25.
Characterize cytoskeletal components of cells.
26. 26.
Differentiate between types of projections on cell surfaces.
27. 27.
Characterize cell walls and extracellular matrix.
28. 28.
Differentiate between intercellular junctions.
29. 29.
Differentiate between types of cell import and export.
30. 30.
Summarize characteristics of cellular signal transduction.
31. 31.
Differentiate between oxidation and reduction reactions.
32. 32.
Summarize bioenergetics.
33. 33.
Summarize chemiosmotic phosphorylation
34. 34.
Identify the main steps in aerobic cellular respiration, their starting molecules, and their products.
35. 35.
Identify the site of each step of cellular respiration
36. 36.
Identify the chemical reactions of the Kreb’s cycle, including the names of the molecules involved (by
name), co-enzymes (by name), and the enzymes (by name).
37. 37.
Identify feedback mechanisms of cellular respiration.
38. 38.
Characterize anaerobic respiration and fermentation.
39. 39. Identify the processes that allow cells to obtain energy from proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
40. 40. Interpret the results obtained in Hershey and Chase's famous experiment.
41. 41. Identify the classes of nucleotides, the basic structure of the individual nucleotides, and which nucleotide
base pairs with which in nucleic acids.
42. 42. Differentiate between the basic structures of DNA and RNA.
43. 43. Delineate the steps and enzymes involved in DNA replication, identifying why DNA replication is
considered to be a semi-conservative process.
44. 44. Differentiate between transcription and translation.
45. 45. Delineate the steps and the main enzyme involved in RNA synthesis.
46. 46. Differentiate between the types of RNA by description and function.
47. 47. Use the universal genetic code to work molecular genetics problems.
48. 48. Delineate the steps and the enzymes involved in protein synthesis.
49. 49. Identify the function of polysomes in cells.
50. 50. Identify how and why protein synthesis occurs on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
51. 51. Differentiate between steps involved in synthesis of proteins that are secreted, end up inside organelles, and
those that become part of the plasma membrane or an organelle membrane inside the cell.
52. 52. Identify the reasoning behind the one gene-one protein hypothesis and the implications of this hypothesis.
53. 53. Identify the results of the action of regulatory genes.
54. 54. Differentiate between types of operons.
55. 55. Identify definitions of introns, exons, repetitive sequences, and transposons.
56. 56. Identify characteristics of normal cell growth control and how this changes with cancer.
57. 57. Describe the processes involved in development of cancer.
BIOL 202 Principles of Biology 2: Unit 2 Learning Objectives
B. Krumhardt, Ph.D.
F 03
Unit 2 includes regulation of genes and genetic engineering, .plant form and function, plant transport and nutrition,
photosynthesis, plant reproduction, and plant responses.
When you are prepared for Exam 2, you will be able to:
1. 1.
Identify the results of the action of regulatory genes.
2. 2.
Differentiate between types of operons.
3. 3.
Identify definitions of introns, exons, repetitive sequences, and transposons.
4. 4.
Identify characteristics of normal cell growth control and how this changes with cancer.
5. 5.
Describe the processes involved in development of cancer.
6. 6.
Identify common tools of genetic engineering, by their natural functions, and by their uses in molecular
biology techniques.
7. 7.
Differentiate between molecular biology techniques
8. 8.
Identify strategies used in the Human Genome Project.
9. 9.
Characterize angiosperms.
10. 10.
Differentiate between monocots and dicots.
11. 11.
Differentiate between the functions of roots and shoots of plants.
12. 12.
Differentiate between types of roots.
13. 13.
Differentiate between parts of a plant’s shoot system.
14. 14.
Identify modified stems and leaves.
15. 15.
Identify parts of leaves.
16. 16.
Differentiate between types of leaves.
17. 17.
Differentiate between plant tissue types.
18. 18.
Identify cells of xylem and phloem; differentiating between cells found inpymnosperms versus
angiosperms by their structure and functions.
19. 19.
Identify cells of a plant’s ground tissue.
20. 20.
Differentiate between the organization of vascular tissue in ground tissue in monocots versus dicots.
21. 21.
Identify specialized plant cells (parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma).
22. 22.
Identify portions of a plant’s cell wall.
23. 23.
Differentiate between determinate and indeterminate growth.
24. 24.
Differentiate between types of plant life cycles.
25. 25.
Identify meristematic plant tissues.
26. 26.
Identify root zones relating to root growth.
27. 27.
Differentiate between root tissues.
28. 28.
Identify the function of the casparian strip.
29. 29.
Identify the role of symbiotic mycorrhizae in plant nutrient uptake.
30. 30.
Differentiate between shoot tissues.
31. 31.
Identify tissues and processes of secondary stem growth.
32. 32.
Identify components of tree trunks (wood).
33. 33.
Differentiate between leaf tissues.
34. 34.
Categorize plant transport.
35. 35.
Differentiate between how different plant nutrients are transported.
36. 36.
Characterize plant water tension.
37. 37.
Differentiate between plant cell compartments and plant tissue compartments in roots and shoots.
38. 38.
Identify processes of transpiration and the cells involved.
39. 39.
Identify plant modifications for dry environments.
40. 40.
Identify forces driving phloem sap transformation.
41. 41.
Identify the colors of light absorbed and reflected by chlorophyll.
42. 42.
Identify anatomical components of a chloroplast.
43. 43.
Identify the sites of different reactions of photosynthesis in the chloroplast.
44. 44.
Identify the reactions of cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation.
45. 45.
Match the photosynthesis electron pathway (noncyclic, cyclic) with its reactions and its products.
46. 46.
Differentiate between the light-dependent and light-independent (dark) reactions of photosynthesis.
47. 47.
Identify the enzyme that is primarily responsible for carbon fixation by plants.
48. 48.
Identify reactions of the Calvin-Benson cycle.
49. 49.
Identify how plants with the C-4 photosynthesis pathway differ from C-3 plants--anatomically and
biochemically.
50. 50.
Identify the types of plants that use the C-4 pathway and the unique enzyme involved.
51. 51.
Identify the pathway and method used by CAM plants to fix CO2 to save water.
52. 52.
Identify the types of plants that use the CAM pathway.
53. 53.
Identify the reaction of photorespiration and its effectors, products and purpose.
54. 54.
Differentiate between C-3 and C-4 plants by how photorespiration affects their overall growth.
55. 55.
Identify flower structures of angiosperms.
56. 56.
Identify structures and stages of an angiosperm life cycle.
57. 57.
Differentiate between fruits of angiosperms.
58. 58.
Differentiate between types of flowers.
59. 59.
Identify parts of seeds and their roles in dormancy and germination.
60. 60.
Characterize shoot emergence.
61. 61.
Identify means of asexual plant propagation.
62. 62.
Identify the physical means often used to produce transgenic plants.
63. 63.
Summarize plant signal transduction.
64. 64.
Differentiation between plant hormones.
65. 65.
Summarize the role of phytochrome and colors of light in the greening process.
66. 66.
Summarize the responses of plants to environmental stimuli.
67. 67.
Summarize plant defenses.
BIOL 202 Principles of Biology 1: Unit 3 Learning Objectives
B. Krumhardt, Ph.D.
F 03
Unit 3 covers animal anatomy and physiology: tissues and organs, nutrition and digestive systems, circulatory
systems, respiratory systems, immune systems, and excretory systems.
When you are ready to take the exam over this unit, you will be able to:
1. Summarize animal structural organization.
2. Differentiate between animal tissue types.
3. Characterize animal organs.
4. Summarize heterotrophy.
5. Characterize animal metabolic rates and units used for measurement.
6. Summarize animal body plans.
7. Characterize homeostasis.
8. Identify functions of animal food.
9. Identify kcal provided by nutrients.
10. Characterize energy balance.
11. Differentiate between essential and non-essential nutrients.
12. Identify human essential amino acids.
13. Characterize essential fatty acids, vitamins, and mineral nutrients.
14. Classify animals by feeding categories and feeding adaptations.
15. Differentiate between stages of animal food processing and adaptations for food processing.
16. Differentiate between gastrovascular cavities and circulatory system strategies of vertebrates.
17. Identify components a vertebrate cardiovascular systems, matching anatomical structures with their functions.
18. Match vertebrate animals with their heart characteristics.
19. Differentiate between vertebrate circulatory routes.
20. Characterize the human cardiac cycle and cardiac electrical conduction.
21. Differentiate between human blood vessels.
22. Characterize human blood pressure.
23. Characterize human blood, identifying functions of plasma components and cells.
24. Summarize human blood clotting.
25. Differentiate between vertebrate gas exchange strategies.
26. Summarize characteristics of the tracheal system in insects, and the respiratory systems of humans and birds.
27. Correlate the general equations of gas exchange.
28. Summarize lymphatic system functions.
29. Identify lymphatic organs.
30. Characterize lymphatic capillaries and lymph flow through lymph nodes.
31. Identify immunological lines of defense.
32. Identify functions of the vertebrate immune system.
33. Match leukocytes with descriptions and functions.
34. Summarize the inflammatory response.
35. Characterize humoral immunity and the clonal selection theory.
36. Relate antibody titer to disease recovery and vaccines.
37. Differentiate between active and passive immunity.
38. Summarize invertebrate immunology.
39. Differentiate between means of animal heat exchange with their environment.
40. Identify strategies of animal thermoregulation.
41. Identify objectives of animal osmoregulation.
42. Differentiate between animal nitrogenous waste products.
43. Differentiate between osmoregulation strategies of animals.
44. Identify processes used in the production of urine.
45. Differentiate between adaptations used by animals for production of urine.
46. Identify organs of the vertebrate urinary system and the functional unit of the kidney.
47. Match the segment of the nephron with processes of urine production.
48. Identify the contributions of the kidney to body pH balance.
49. Match urinary system adaptations with environmental conditions.
BIOL 202 Principles of Biology 1: Unit 4 Learning Objectives
B. Krumhardt, Ph.D.
F 03
Unit 4 covers animal anatomy and physiology: signaling, reproductive, nervous, sensory, and motor systems.
When you are ready to take the exam over this unit, you will be able to:
1. Summarize invertebrate signaling systems.
2. Summarize vertebrate endocrine systems.
3. Differentiate between types of hormones.
4. Match endocrine glands and specific cells with hormones produced and hormone with their effects.
5. Differentiate between types of reproduction.
6. Differentiate between types of fertilization.
7. Identify hormones regulating reproduction.
8. Identify anatomical structures used for spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
9. Identify functions of male and female reproductive structures.
10. Identify processes of the menstrual cycle.
11. Characterize fertilization.
12. Identify functions of embryonic membranes.
13. Summarize labor and parturition.
14. Summarize control of lactation.
15. Match stages of early animal development with processes occurring.
16. Match stages of later human development with processing occurring.
17. Differentiate between the central and peripheral nervous system branches and between the somatic and
autonomic nervous system branches.
18. Identify functions of nervous system cell types.
19. Differentiate between roles of parts of a neuron.
20. Identify the role of myelination.
21. Differentiate between functional classifications of neurons.
22. Characterize the neuron membrane potential at rest.
23. Identify steps in the propagation of neuron action potentials.
24. Identify characteristics and processes in synaptic transmission.
25. Differentiate between acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
26. Identify mechanisms of grading response to stimuli.
27. Characterize neuron refractory periods.
28. Identify processes involved with learning.
29. Summarize evolutionary trends in nervous systems.
30. Match portions of the vertebrate brain with their functions.
31. Summarize sensory reception and perception.
32. Differentiate between types of sensory receptors.
33. Differentiate between types of eyes and eyecups.
34. Match the anatomical structures of eyes with their functions.
35. Identify signal transduction mechanisms and anatomical structures involved in vision.
36. Match the anatomic structures of ears and other sound-detecting structures with their hearing functions.
37. Identify adaptations used for equilibrium sensing used by different animals.
38. Identify structures used for specialized chemoreception (taste and smell) in vertebrates.
39. Identify forces to be overcome to produce animal movement.
40. Identify cellular mechanisms of locomotion.
41. Differentiate between different types of skeletons.
42. Identify anatomical components of skeletal muscle.
43. Define “motor unit.”
44. Identify the functional unit of skeletal muscle.
45. Identify events at the neuromuscular junction stimulating muscle contraction/
46. Characterize the skeletal muscle action potential.
47. Identify descriptions of muscle tone, summation, tetanus, and the staircase effect.
48. Differentiate between types of muscle fibers.
49. Identify processes used in cardiac and smooth muscle contraction.