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World History Name ______________________________ Chapter 23- The French Revolution and Napoleon Essential Questions: 1. Analyze were the causes of the ________________________________? 2. Describe the legacy of the French Revolution and _________________. Section One: The French Revolution Begins - In the 1700’s ______________________________________________________ - The center of the Enlightenment, French culture was imitated all over the world - But looks were deceiving, as the 1700’s drew to a close ____________________ _________________________________________________________________ I. The Forces of Change - By the 1780’s revolutionary mood in France b/c of 4 main factors A. Old Regime (1)—the political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution - Under the Old Regime the people of France were divided into _______________ ________________________________________________________________ 1. First Estate - ____________________________________________________ - Owned 10% of the land in France - Contributed 2% of its income to the government - ___________________________________________________ 2. Second Estate - __________________________________________________ - Made up 2% of the population - __________________________________________________ 3. Third Estate - _________________________________________________ - Split into to three sub groups a. Bourgeoisie (__________________________)—bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans. - __________________________________________________________ b. ________________—poorest group. Trades people, apprentices, laborers, and servants. - c. _______________—largest group of the third estate, 80%. Paid half of their income in dues to the nobles, tithes to the church, and taxes to the king- even paid taxes on salt and other basic staples All groups from the third estate resented the ______________ and ____________ for their privileges and special treatment B. Enlightenment Ideas(2) - Enlightenment ideas about power and authority in government were spreading among the third estate - Members of the Third Estate, inspired by the success of the American Rev., - They began quoting and following the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseaudemanding _________________, _______________, and __________________ C. Economic Troubles(3) - By the 1780s the French economy began to decline - __________, ________________________, and a rising cost of living all contributed to the economic problems - The bad weather of the 1780s caused widespread crop failures resulting in a severe shortage of grain- the price of bread doubled in 1789 and _____________ _______________________________________________________________ - debt from previous kings and he incurred a large debt from helping out in the _______________________________________ - Extravagant spending of Louis XVI and his Queen, Marie Antoinette, also added to the debt problem D. - A Weak Leader(4) A strong leader may have been able to solve these problems Louis XVI was a very indecisive man and _______________________________ He paid very little attention to his advisers and had little patience for governing The queen, _______________________________, only added to the problemshe was very unpopular with the people b/c she was Austrian she also spent enormous amounts of money on ____________, ____________, _____________ and __________- she even became known as “Madame Deficit” II. Dawn of Revolution - Louis’ solution to $$ problems? tax nobles… - Louis calls a meeting of the Estates-General- assembly of representative from all 3 Estates- to approve this new tax - May 5, 1789- the Estates-General met at Versailles, (first time in 175 years) A. The National Assembly - New tax doesn’t pass b/c of voting laws- 3rd estate outvoted by 1st/2nd - 3rd Estate wanted to change voting- each delegate have one vote- gives 3rd Estate advantage - Louis XVI sided w/ nobles and overruled the change to voting - July 7th, 1789- 3rd Estate delegates make their own legislative body- National Assembly to pass laws/reforms - creation of the National Assembly was first deliberate act of revolution - Days later, after being locked out of meeting room, National Assembly broke into indoor tennis court and pledged to write a new constitution for France=Tennis Court Oath - Soon after, nobles and clergymen who favored reform joined the National Assembly and Louis XVI called in troops to protect Versailles- Revolution was brewing B. Storming the Bastille - Tension was high and rumors were flying around Paris that Louis XVI planned on using military force to dismiss the National Assembly - Worried of a military attack, people in Paris began to gather weapons - ______________________________- a mob searching for gunpowder stormed the Bastille- a prison in Paris full of gun powder and weapons - The mob killed the guards and marched around Paris with their heads on pikesthis became a symbolic act of the revolution - __________________________________________________________________ - Revolution and July 14th- Bastille Day- is a French national holiday, similar to Fourth of July in America C. A Great Fear Sweeps France - Before long, the rebellion spread from Paris to the countryside - Wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants- this began _______________________________ called the Great Fear - Peasants themselves became outlaws and began breaking into nobles’ houses, destroying legal papers that bound them to pay feudal dues. Sometimes they burnt down the manor house entirely. - In October of 1789 thousands of women. Outraged by the rising price of bread, __________________________________________________________________ - The women broke into the Palace of Versailles killing some guards and demanded __________________________________________________________________ - Louis agreed and the royal family left Versailles, never again would they see the magnificent palace - Louis’ leaving of Versailles signaled the _____________________________ and ____________________________ that were about to overtake France World History: Chapter 23 Section TwoRevolution Brings Reform and Terror Name _______________________ I. Assembly Reforms France - Aug 4, 1789- Great Fear caused noblemen to join National Assembly and to agree to get rid of the 1st and 2nd Estate privileges- Old Regime gone - 3 weeks later the Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man- stated “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” - Rights included were- “liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression”- also guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech and religion A. Louis Tries to Escape - While the Assembly focused on reform Louis and his family tried to escape to Austria but failed - ________________________________________________________________ II. Divisions Develop A. A Limited Monarchy - 1789-1791 ________________________________________________________ - September 1791 the NA finally completed the constitution creating a limited Monarchy in which Louis lost his absolute power - The new constitution created a new law making body called the Legislative Assembly with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war B. - Factions Split France ________________________________________________________________ Caused the Legislative Assembly to split into three general groups Radicals sat on the _________________ of the hall and wanted ______________ __________________________________________________________________ Moderates sat in the middle and wanted some changes- but not nearly as many as the radicals s Conservatives sat on _________________ of the hall and upheld the idea of a limited monarchy and _______________________________________________ Factions outside the Legislative Assembly also wanted change Émigrés __________________________________________________________ San-Culottes- “those without knee breeches” also waned change and though they had no role in the assembly soon found a way to exert their power in the streets of Paris III. War and Execution - Other European countries began to fear the ______________________________ _________________________________________________________________ - Austria & Prussia urged the French to restore Louis XVI as an absolute monarch - The Legislative Assembly responded by declaring war on Austria and Prussia in April 1792 A. France Goes to War and Becomes a Republic - The war began badly for France - Parisians stormed the palace where the Royal family was kept, murdering guards and imprisoning King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and their children - - September of 1792- under pressure from radicals, the Legislative Assembly put the newly formed constitution aside, ___________________________________, and called for a new legislature Thus the National Convention was formed and ___________________________ Gave male’s 21 and up the right to vote and hold office B. Jacobins Take Control - Radical political group called the Jacobin Club - Jean-Paul Marat, a Jacobin and a newspaper editor, called for the death of all those that supported the King - __________________________________, another Jacobin, was a very talented speaker and devoted himself to the rights of the poor - Jan. 21, 1793- ______________________________________________ by a new invention called the guillotine C. The War Continues - While France altered their gov’t yet again, the war with Prussia and Austria was still raging - In 1793 _______________, _______________, __________________ joined Austria and Prussia in fighting the French revolutionaries IV. The Terror Grips France - __________________________________________________________________ - __________________________________________________________________ A. Robespierre Assumes Control - In 1793- Robespierre became the leader of Committee of Public Safety and for the next year he controlled France virtually as a dictator - __________________________________________________________________ - This period became known as the Reign of Terror because so many were killed in the name of “protection” of France - Robespierre and the Committee arrested many of his enemies and had them tried and executed in the same day - __________________________________________________________________ B. End of the Terror - In July of 1794 the National Convention turned on Robespierre in fear for their own safety and demanded he be arrested and executed - Public opinion shifted dramatically after Robespierre’s death and the radical phase of the French Rev. was over- _____________________________________ - The National Convention drafted a new plan for government (the 3rd one since 1789) and finally gave France some order - This new government ________________________________________________ and called for a two house legislature and a five man Directory - They also found the right general to command armies—Napoleon Bonaparte World History Name ______________________ Chapter 23 Section 3: Napoleon Forges an Empire I. Napoleon Bonaparte Grasps Power - ____________________________________________________ - Sent to military school at the age of 9, graduated at the age of 16 - When the revolution broke out he joined the army of the new government. A. Hero of the Hour - In 1795 _____________________________________________a gov’t official told Napoleon to defend the delegates - Napoleon and his gunners dispelled the rebels with a cannon - ____________________________________________________ - The Directory appointed Napoleon to lead a French army against Austrian forces, and he won a series of remarkable battles - ____________________________________________________ - He then had a string of defeats against Britain but was able to keep those out of the papers so he remained a hero to the French people B. Coup d’etat - Upon his return to France from fighting, a very popular Napoleon was urged by friends to ________________________ - He took action in November of 1799- he surrounded the building where the Directory met and drove out most of its members - The few members left established a group of three consuls- One of whom was Napoleon, who quickly seized the title of first consul and ___________________________________________ - This sudden seizure of power is known as coup, from the French phrase coup d’etat “____________________________” II. Napoleon Rules France A. Restoring Order at Home - At first Napoleon pretended to be the constitutionally chosen leader of a free republic - In 1800 he held a plebiscite (__________________) to approve a new constitution that gave all real power to Napoleon - _________________________________, he kept many of the changes that came during the Revolution and supported some of the laws and goals of the revolution in order to have a good appearance for the people - Napoleon’s first priority was to __________________________; he did this by setting up a new tax-collection system and established a national bank - He also set up public schools called lycees; this allowed candidates for public office to be appointed by merit rather than their connections - - He signed a concordat with Pope Pius VII to establish a new relationship between the Church and State where the Church had no say in national affairs Also created the Napoleonic Code- _______________________ 1. ___________________________ and promoted order and authority over individual rights 2. ______________________________________________ 3. Re-established slavery in the Caribbean 4. _______________________________________________ B. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor - 1804- _______________________________________________ and had the support of the French voters - In a grand ceremony at Notre Dame in Paris, Napoleon took the crown from the Pope and crowned himself and his wife, Josephine, this gesture showed that he was _________________ ___________________________________ III. Napoleon Creates an Empire - Napoleon was not content with ruling just France; he wanted to ______________________________ and reassert French power in the Americas A. Loss of American Territories - Napoleon attempted to take back control of Haiti (Saint Domingue) who, through a civil war broke away from France. - Napoleon failed and sold the _____________________________ to Thomas Jefferson for 15 million dollars, to cut his losses in the Americas. B. The Battle of Trafalgar - Having abandoned his imperial ambitions in America, Napoleon focused on creating his _________________________________ - In his drive for a European empire, Napoleon lost only one major battle- 1805- the Battle of Trafalgar against Horatio Nelson and the British navy - This defeat was a tragic loss for Napoleon for two reasons: 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ Napoleon’s efforts to control England would lead to his own undoing C. The French Empire - In the first decade of the 1800’s, Napoleon’s victories had given him rule over most of Europe - ____________________________________________________ - Napoleon would only be able to control it for 5 years from 18071812 - HOW NAPOLEON BROUGHT ORDER AFTER THE REVOLUTION The Economy * Equal taxation Goals of the Revolution Napoleon’s Actions Results Government/Society * Less government corruption * Equal opportunity in government * Lower prices * Set up fairer tax codes * Set up a national bank *Stabilized currency * Gave state loans to businesses * Appointed officials by merit * Fired corrupt officials * Created lycees-government ran schools. * Created code of laws * Equal taxation *Stable economy * Honest competent officials * equal opportunity in government * Public education World History Name_________________________ Chapter 23 Section 4: Napoleon’s Empire Collapses I. Napoleons Three Costly Mistakes - Napoleon’s own ___________________ proved to be the greatest danger to the future of his empire - ___________________________________________________ - In his efforts to extend his Empire and crush Britain, Napoleon made three disastrous mistakes 1. The Continental System - 1806- Napoleon set up a blockade to ______________________ between Great Britain and other European countries - he called this policy the Continental System b/c his goal was to make the European continent more self-sufficient- he also intended it to destroy Great Britain’s ______________________ ___________________________________________________ - The blockade wasn’t nearly tight enough and Britain was able to get ships through - Britain actually responded with a blockade of its own and forced ships to dock in their ports, to be searched and taxed - ____________________________________________________ 2. The Peninsular War - 1808- _______________________________________________ - Portugal was ignoring the Continental System so he sent troops through Spain to invade Portugal - This outraged the Spanish and they began to attack French troops through guerrilla warfare- _______________________________ during this Peninsular War 3. The Invasion of Russia - 1812- _______________________________________________ - Russia was an ally of France but also ignored the Continental System so their alliance eventually fell apart - ______________________________________ in June of 1812just before the fall of the Russian winter - The Russians employed the scorched-earth policy— ____________________ __________________ so as to leave nothing for the enemy to eat - Napoleon had no choice but to return to France- it was October and winter was upon them - When Napoleon’s Grand Army finally left Russia there were only ___________ of the original ______________ men were still alive II. Napoleon’s Down Fall - By this time _____________, ___________, _______________, and _______________have all formed an alliance against France and were quick to attack the weakened country - 1814- ______________________________________________, a small island off the Italian coast - The French restored the monarchy with Louis XVI’s brother, Louis XVIII- _________________________________________ - Napoleon heard of the discord in France and escaped Elba on March 1, 1815 to return to France to raise an army, and within days ________________________________________________ - European allies quickly attack and Napoleon is defeated by British and Prussian forces at the Battle of Waterloo - This defeat ended Napoleon’s last bid for power called the Hundred Days - Taking no chances this time, the British exiled Napoleon to Saint Helena, _____________________________________________ - Napoleon lived there for six years and eventually died of a stomach ailment Chapter 23 Section 5: The Congress of Vienna I. The Congress of Vienna - 1814- after Napoleon’s defeat and exile, the heads of European governments- ________________________________________ _________________________________- wanted to establish a lasting peace and stability in Europe - The leaders of the five “great powers” of Europe (Russia, Prussia, Austria, England, and France) met in Vienna, Austria in a series of meetings called the Congress of Vienna __________ ____________________________________________________ - The most influential representative was the foreign minister from Austria, Klemens von Metternich II. Metternich’s Plan for Europe - Metternich distrusted the democratic ideals of the Enlightenment and the FR and sought to return European politics to _________ - Metternich had three goals for Europe: 1. _____________________________________________________________ 2. restore a balance of power among nations in Europe 3. ____________________________________________________________ III. Political Changes Beyond Vienna - The leaders of Europe were nervous about an outbreak of more revolutions based on the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity - The nations agreed in the Concert of Europe to _____________ IV. Legacy of the French Revolution and Congress of Vienna - the FR had forever changed the ______________ - Congress of Vienna sought to undo these changes- but only further ignited the peoples’ commitment to a democratic gov’t