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World History
Name ______________________________
Chapter 23- The French Revolution and Napoleon
Essential Questions:
1. Analyze were the causes of the ________________________________?
2. Describe the legacy of the French Revolution and _________________.
Section One: The French Revolution Begins
- In the 1700’s ______________________________________________________
- The center of the Enlightenment, French culture was imitated all over the world
- But looks were deceiving, as the 1700’s drew to a close ____________________
_________________________________________________________________
I.
The Forces of Change
- By the 1780’s revolutionary mood in France b/c of 4 main factors
A. Old Regime (1)—the political and social system that existed in France before the
French Revolution
- Under the Old Regime the people of France were divided into _______________
________________________________________________________________
1. First Estate
- ____________________________________________________
- Owned 10% of the land in France
- Contributed 2% of its income to the government
- ___________________________________________________
2. Second Estate
- __________________________________________________
- Made up 2% of the population
- __________________________________________________
3. Third Estate
- _________________________________________________
- Split into to three sub groups
a. Bourgeoisie (__________________________)—bankers, factory owners,
merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans.
- __________________________________________________________
b. ________________—poorest group. Trades people, apprentices, laborers,
and servants.
-
c. _______________—largest group of the third estate, 80%.
Paid half of their income in dues to the nobles, tithes to the church, and taxes to
the king- even paid taxes on salt and other basic staples
All groups from the third estate resented the ______________ and ____________
for their privileges and special treatment
B. Enlightenment Ideas(2)
- Enlightenment ideas about power and authority in government were spreading
among the third estate
- Members of the Third Estate, inspired by the success of the American Rev.,
- They began quoting and following the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseaudemanding _________________, _______________, and __________________
C. Economic Troubles(3)
- By the 1780s the French economy began to decline
- __________, ________________________, and a rising cost of living all
contributed to the economic problems
- The bad weather of the 1780s caused widespread crop failures resulting in a
severe shortage of grain- the price of bread doubled in 1789 and _____________
_______________________________________________________________
- debt from previous kings and he incurred a large debt from helping out in the
_______________________________________
- Extravagant spending of Louis XVI and his Queen, Marie Antoinette, also
added to the debt problem
D.
-
A Weak Leader(4)
A strong leader may have been able to solve these problems
Louis XVI was a very indecisive man and _______________________________
He paid very little attention to his advisers and had little patience for governing
The queen, _______________________________, only added to the problemshe was very unpopular with the people b/c she was Austrian
she also spent enormous amounts of money on ____________, ____________,
_____________ and __________- she even became known as “Madame Deficit”
II.
Dawn of Revolution
- Louis’ solution to $$ problems? tax nobles…
- Louis calls a meeting of the Estates-General- assembly of representative from all
3 Estates- to approve this new tax
- May 5, 1789- the Estates-General met at Versailles, (first time in 175 years)
A. The National Assembly
- New tax doesn’t pass b/c of voting laws- 3rd estate outvoted by 1st/2nd
- 3rd Estate wanted to change voting- each delegate have one vote- gives 3rd Estate
advantage
- Louis XVI sided w/ nobles and overruled the change to voting
- July 7th, 1789- 3rd Estate delegates make their own legislative body- National
Assembly to pass laws/reforms
- creation of the National Assembly was first deliberate act of revolution
- Days later, after being locked out of meeting room, National Assembly broke into
indoor tennis court and pledged to write a new constitution for France=Tennis
Court Oath
- Soon after, nobles and clergymen who favored reform joined the National
Assembly and Louis XVI called in troops to protect Versailles- Revolution was
brewing
B. Storming the Bastille
- Tension was high and rumors were flying around Paris that Louis XVI planned on
using military force to dismiss the National Assembly
- Worried of a military attack, people in Paris began to gather weapons
- ______________________________- a mob searching for gunpowder stormed
the Bastille- a prison in Paris full of gun powder and weapons
- The mob killed the guards and marched around Paris with their heads on pikesthis became a symbolic act of the revolution
- __________________________________________________________________
- Revolution and July 14th- Bastille Day- is a French national holiday, similar to
Fourth of July in America
C. A Great Fear Sweeps France
- Before long, the rebellion spread from Paris to the countryside
- Wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the
peasants- this began _______________________________ called the Great Fear
- Peasants themselves became outlaws and began breaking into nobles’ houses,
destroying legal papers that bound them to pay feudal dues. Sometimes they burnt
down the manor house entirely.
- In October of 1789 thousands of women. Outraged by the rising price of bread,
__________________________________________________________________
- The women broke into the Palace of Versailles killing some guards and demanded
__________________________________________________________________
- Louis agreed and the royal family left Versailles, never again would they see the
magnificent palace
- Louis’ leaving of Versailles signaled the _____________________________ and
____________________________ that were about to overtake France
World History: Chapter 23 Section TwoRevolution Brings Reform and Terror
Name _______________________
I.
Assembly Reforms France
- Aug 4, 1789- Great Fear caused noblemen to join National Assembly and to
agree to get rid of the 1st and 2nd Estate privileges- Old Regime gone
- 3 weeks later the Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man- stated
“men are born and remain free and equal in rights”
- Rights included were- “liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression”- also
guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech and religion
A. Louis Tries to Escape
- While the Assembly focused on reform Louis and his family tried to escape to
Austria but failed
- ________________________________________________________________
II.
Divisions Develop
A. A Limited Monarchy
- 1789-1791 ________________________________________________________
- September 1791 the NA finally completed the constitution creating a limited
Monarchy in which Louis lost his absolute power
- The new constitution created a new law making body called the Legislative
Assembly with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war
B.
-
Factions Split France
________________________________________________________________
Caused the Legislative Assembly to split into three general groups
Radicals sat on the _________________ of the hall and wanted ______________
__________________________________________________________________
Moderates sat in the middle and wanted some changes- but not nearly as many as
the radicals s
Conservatives sat on _________________ of the hall and upheld the idea of a
limited monarchy and _______________________________________________
Factions outside the Legislative Assembly also wanted change
Émigrés __________________________________________________________
San-Culottes- “those without knee breeches” also waned change and though they
had no role in the assembly soon found a way to exert their power in the streets of
Paris
III.
War and Execution
- Other European countries began to fear the ______________________________
_________________________________________________________________
- Austria & Prussia urged the French to restore Louis XVI as an absolute monarch
- The Legislative Assembly responded by declaring war on Austria and Prussia in
April 1792
A. France Goes to War and Becomes a Republic
- The war began badly for France
- Parisians stormed the palace where the Royal family was kept, murdering guards
and imprisoning King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and their children
-
-
September of 1792- under pressure from radicals, the Legislative Assembly put
the newly formed constitution aside, ___________________________________,
and called for a new legislature
Thus the National Convention was formed and ___________________________
Gave male’s 21 and up the right to vote and hold office
B. Jacobins Take Control
- Radical political group called the Jacobin Club
- Jean-Paul Marat, a Jacobin and a newspaper editor, called for the death of all
those that supported the King
- __________________________________, another Jacobin, was a very talented
speaker and devoted himself to the rights of the poor
- Jan. 21, 1793- ______________________________________________ by a new
invention called the guillotine
C. The War Continues
- While France altered their gov’t yet again, the war with Prussia and Austria was
still raging
- In 1793 _______________, _______________, __________________ joined
Austria and Prussia in fighting the French revolutionaries
IV.
The Terror Grips France
- __________________________________________________________________
- __________________________________________________________________
A. Robespierre Assumes Control
- In 1793- Robespierre became the leader of Committee of Public Safety and for
the next year he controlled France virtually as a dictator
- __________________________________________________________________
- This period became known as the Reign of Terror because so many were killed
in the name of “protection” of France
- Robespierre and the Committee arrested many of his enemies and had them tried
and executed in the same day
- __________________________________________________________________
B. End of the Terror
- In July of 1794 the National Convention turned on Robespierre in fear for their
own safety and demanded he be arrested and executed
- Public opinion shifted dramatically after Robespierre’s death and the radical
phase of the French Rev. was over- _____________________________________
- The National Convention drafted a new plan for government (the 3rd one since
1789) and finally gave France some order
- This new government ________________________________________________
and called for a two house legislature and a five man Directory
- They also found the right general to command armies—Napoleon Bonaparte
World History
Name ______________________
Chapter 23 Section 3: Napoleon Forges an Empire
I.
Napoleon Bonaparte Grasps Power
- ____________________________________________________
- Sent to military school at the age of 9, graduated at the age of 16
- When the revolution broke out he joined the army of the new
government.
A. Hero of the Hour
- In 1795 _____________________________________________a gov’t official told Napoleon to defend the delegates
- Napoleon and his gunners dispelled the rebels with a cannon
- ____________________________________________________
- The Directory appointed Napoleon to lead a French army against
Austrian forces, and he won a series of remarkable battles
- ____________________________________________________
- He then had a string of defeats against Britain but was able to
keep those out of the papers so he remained a hero to the French
people
B. Coup d’etat
- Upon his return to France from fighting, a very popular
Napoleon was urged by friends to ________________________
- He took action in November of 1799- he surrounded the
building where the Directory met and drove out most of its
members
- The few members left established a group of three consuls- One
of whom was Napoleon, who quickly seized the title of first
consul and ___________________________________________
- This sudden seizure of power is known as coup, from the French
phrase coup d’etat “____________________________”
II.
Napoleon Rules France
A. Restoring Order at Home
- At first Napoleon pretended to be the constitutionally chosen
leader of a free republic
- In 1800 he held a plebiscite (__________________) to approve
a new constitution that gave all real power to Napoleon
- _________________________________, he kept many of the
changes that came during the Revolution and supported some of
the laws and goals of the revolution in order to have a good
appearance for the people
- Napoleon’s first priority was to __________________________;
he did this by setting up a new tax-collection system and
established a national bank
- He also set up public schools called lycees; this allowed
candidates for public office to be appointed by merit rather than
their connections
-
-
He signed a concordat with Pope Pius VII to establish a new
relationship between the Church and State where the Church had
no say in national affairs
Also created the Napoleonic Code- _______________________
1. ___________________________ and promoted order and
authority over individual rights
2. ______________________________________________
3. Re-established slavery in the Caribbean
4. _______________________________________________
B. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor
- 1804- _______________________________________________
and had the support of the French voters
- In a grand ceremony at Notre Dame in Paris, Napoleon took the
crown from the Pope and crowned himself and his wife,
Josephine, this gesture showed that he was _________________
___________________________________
III.
Napoleon Creates an Empire
- Napoleon was not content with ruling just France; he wanted to
______________________________ and reassert French power
in the Americas
A. Loss of American Territories
- Napoleon attempted to take back control of Haiti (Saint
Domingue) who, through a civil war broke away from France.
- Napoleon failed and sold the _____________________________
to Thomas Jefferson for 15 million dollars, to cut his losses in the
Americas.
B. The Battle of Trafalgar
- Having abandoned his imperial ambitions in America, Napoleon
focused on creating his _________________________________
- In his drive for a European empire, Napoleon lost only one major
battle- 1805- the Battle of Trafalgar against Horatio Nelson
and the British navy
- This defeat was a tragic loss for Napoleon for two reasons:
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
Napoleon’s efforts to control England would lead to his own
undoing
C. The French Empire
- In the first decade of the 1800’s, Napoleon’s victories had given
him rule over most of Europe
- ____________________________________________________
- Napoleon would only be able to control it for 5 years from 18071812
-
HOW NAPOLEON BROUGHT ORDER AFTER THE REVOLUTION
The Economy
* Equal taxation
Goals of the
Revolution
Napoleon’s
Actions
Results
Government/Society
* Less government corruption
* Equal opportunity in government
* Lower prices
* Set up fairer tax codes
* Set up a national bank
*Stabilized currency
* Gave state loans to
businesses
* Appointed officials by merit
* Fired corrupt officials
* Created lycees-government ran
schools.
* Created code of laws
* Equal taxation
*Stable economy
* Honest competent officials
* equal opportunity in government
* Public education
World History
Name_________________________
Chapter 23 Section 4: Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
I.
Napoleons Three Costly Mistakes
- Napoleon’s own ___________________ proved to be the
greatest danger to the future of his empire
- ___________________________________________________
- In his efforts to extend his Empire and crush Britain, Napoleon
made three disastrous mistakes
1. The Continental System
- 1806- Napoleon set up a blockade to ______________________
between Great Britain and other European countries
- he called this policy the Continental System b/c his goal was to
make the European continent more self-sufficient- he also
intended it to destroy Great Britain’s ______________________
___________________________________________________
- The blockade wasn’t nearly tight enough and Britain was able to
get ships through
- Britain actually responded with a blockade of its own and forced
ships to dock in their ports, to be searched and taxed
- ____________________________________________________
2. The Peninsular War
- 1808- _______________________________________________
- Portugal was ignoring the Continental System so he sent troops
through Spain to invade Portugal
- This outraged the Spanish and they began to attack French troops
through guerrilla warfare- _______________________________
during this Peninsular War
3. The Invasion of Russia
- 1812- _______________________________________________
- Russia was an ally of France but also ignored the Continental
System so their alliance eventually fell apart
- ______________________________________ in June of 1812just before the fall of the Russian winter
- The Russians employed the scorched-earth policy—
____________________ __________________ so as to leave
nothing for the enemy to eat
- Napoleon had no choice but to return to France- it was October
and winter was upon them
- When Napoleon’s Grand Army finally left Russia there were
only ___________ of the original ______________ men were
still alive
II.
Napoleon’s Down Fall
- By this time _____________, ___________, _______________,
and _______________have all formed an alliance against France
and were quick to attack the weakened country
- 1814- ______________________________________________,
a small island off the Italian coast
- The French restored the monarchy with Louis XVI’s brother,
Louis XVIII- _________________________________________
- Napoleon heard of the discord in France and escaped Elba on
March 1, 1815 to return to France to raise an army, and within
days ________________________________________________
- European allies quickly attack and Napoleon is defeated by
British and Prussian forces at the Battle of Waterloo
- This defeat ended Napoleon’s last bid for power called the
Hundred Days
- Taking no chances this time, the British exiled Napoleon to Saint
Helena, _____________________________________________
- Napoleon lived there for six years and eventually died of a
stomach ailment
Chapter 23 Section 5: The Congress of Vienna
I.
The Congress of Vienna
- 1814- after Napoleon’s defeat and exile, the heads of European
governments- ________________________________________
_________________________________- wanted to establish a
lasting peace and stability in Europe
- The leaders of the five “great powers” of Europe (Russia,
Prussia, Austria, England, and France) met in Vienna, Austria in
a series of meetings called the Congress of Vienna __________
____________________________________________________
- The most influential representative was the foreign minister from
Austria, Klemens von Metternich
II.
Metternich’s Plan for Europe
- Metternich distrusted the democratic ideals of the Enlightenment
and the FR and sought to return European politics to _________
- Metternich had three goals for Europe:
1. _____________________________________________________________
2. restore a balance of power among nations in Europe
3. ____________________________________________________________
III.
Political Changes Beyond Vienna
- The leaders of Europe were nervous about an outbreak of more
revolutions based on the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity
- The nations agreed in the Concert of Europe to _____________
IV.
Legacy of the French Revolution and Congress of Vienna
- the FR had forever changed the ______________
- Congress of Vienna sought to undo these changes- but only
further ignited the peoples’ commitment to a democratic gov’t