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AP Biology Course Overview In AP Biology, an emphasis is placed on students making connections between the Big Ideas within the AP Biology Curriculum Framework. This course is the equivalent of an introductory college-level biology course, and it is designed to prepare students for the AP Biology Exam prepared by the College Board. This is a yearlong course that meets five times weekly for 85-minutes each day. Approximately 60% of the class time will be devoted to lecture and large group discussion on the 4 Big Ideas identified by the College Board. Approximately 40% of the time will be used to conduct laboratory experiments, small group discussions and other activities that further each students understanding of the Big Ideas. A minimum of two labs in each Big Idea will be conducted. The student-directed and inquiry-based laboratory investigations used throughout the course enable students to apply the seven science practices as defined by the College Board. A course WIKI is located at wikispaces.com that includes a copy of the syllabus, link to the online text, laboratory grading rubric, and a daily calendar (Google Calendar) of class activities along many other resources to enhance the learning of all students. The Google Calendar identifies lecture topics, required readings, labs and activities to be conducted, and assignment/assessment due dates. Materials Campbell, Neil and Reece, Jane B. 2008. AP Edition Biology, Eighth Edition, San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. (ISBN 0-13-135691-7) Campbell, Neil. Student AP Edition Biology Study Guide, Eight Edition (ISBN 0-8053-7155-9) AP Biology Investigative Labs: An Inquiry Approach, The College Board, 2012 Course WIKI Site: http://falkavage-apbio.wikispaces.com/ Additional Resources Lab Bench: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html Spark Notes: http://testprep.sparknotes.com/testcenter/ap/biology/ Quizlet: http://quizlet.com/ Get Body Smart: http://www.getbodysmart.com/index.htm Cells Alive: http://www.cellsalive.com/ The Biology Project: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/ 1 Big Ideas The following Big Ideas are stressed throughout each unit. In small group discussion sessions each group is assigned a Big Idea and is required to relate the content from lecture and lab experiences to the assigned Big Idea. This is done at the end of each unit prior to an assessment where each small group leads a discussion related to the assigned theme. This serves as a review, preparing students for the unit exam. The following is an example of what may be discussed during the unit of ecology. Big idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. a. Population changes over time are driven by environmental changes Big idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. a. Interdependence between biotic and abiotic environmental factors that drive community changes within changing habitats Big idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. a. Nucleic acid structure store and transfer heritable information from generation to generation Big idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. a. Trophic level restrictions Student Evaluation Student performance is evaluated based upon lab chapter homework, lab reports, quizzes, and unit exams. The weights of each are outlined in the table below. Assignment Chapter Homework Lab Report Quizzes Unit Exams Percentage of Grade 5% 15% 10% 70% 2 SEQUENCE OF UNITS Time ongoing throughout the school year I (12 Days) Unit and Readings Big Ideas & Essential Knowledge Assessment / LAB / Activity Vocabulary Development Vocabulary Quiz 1 Students will develop scientific vocabulary by identifying, defining and describing the meaning of terms related to words of Latin origin Vocabulary Quiz 3 The Chemistry of Life Ch. 2: Chemical Content of Life Ch. 3: Water Ch. 4: Carbon and Molecular Diversity Ch. 5: Macromolecules II Ecology (20 Days) Ch. 51: Behavioral Ecology Ch. 52: Introduction to Ecology Ch. 53: Population Ecology Ch. 54: Community Ecology Ch. 55: Ecosystems Ch. 56: Conservation Biology Vocabulary Quiz 2 Vocabulary Quiz 4 Vocabulary Quiz 5 Vocabulary Quiz 6 Vocabulary Quiz 7 Big Idea 1 1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence. 1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many different disciplines supports models of the origins of life. Big Idea 2 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. pH Lab - Acids, Bases and Buffers Cochranes Macro-molecule model construction Adhesion/ Cohesion of water and other polar molecules Functional Group models Chapter packet 2 Chapter packet 3 Chapter packet 4 Big Idea 3 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. Chapter packet 5 Big Idea 4 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. Biochemistry Quiz 2 – 10 multiple choice questions Big Idea 1 1.A.1: Natural Selection is a major mechanism of evolution. 1.A.2: Natural Selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. 1.C.2: Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively isolated from each other. 1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve. FRUIT FLY BEHAVIOR (EU: 2.D.1, 2.E.3, 4.A.6, 4.B.4, SP 1.3, 2.2, 3.2, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 7.2) Big Idea 2 2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of energy. 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. Chapter packet 52 Biochemistry Quiz 1 – 10 multiple choice questions Biochemistry Exam – 50 multiple choice questions and one free response questions. The multiple choice section is completed in a 45-minute session and the free response is complete in a 22minute session. ENERGY DYNAMICS (EU: 2.A.1, 2.D.1, 4.A.6, SP 1.3, 2.2, 3.2, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 7.2) Biomes Posters Termite Behavior Chapter packet 51 Chapter packet 53 Chapter packet 54 Chapter packet 55 3 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. 2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments. 2.D.1: All biological systems form cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. 2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different environments. 2.D.3: Biological systems are affected by distributions to their dynamic homeostasis. 2.E.3: Timing and coordination of behavior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection. Chapter packet 56 Ecology Quiz 1 – 10 multiple choice questions Ecology Quiz 2 – 10 multiple choice questions Ecology Exam – 50 multiple choice questions and one free response questions. The multiple choice section is completed in a 45-minute session and the free response is complete in a 22minute session. Big Idea 3 3.E.1: Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. Big Idea 4 4.A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways. 4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy. 4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promotes efficiency in the use of energy and matter. 4.B.3: Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance. 4.B.4: Distribution of local and global ecosystems changes over time. 4.C.3: The level of variation in a population affects population dynamics. 4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem. III Cell Biology (15 Days) Ch. 6: A Tour of the Cell Ch. 7: Membrane Structure and Function Ch. 11: Cell Communication Big Idea 2 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. 2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions. 2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physiological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms. Big Idea 3 DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS (EU: 2.B.1, 2.B.2, SP: 2.2, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) Organelle model construction Cell Communication inquiry demonstration Chapter packet 6 Chapter packet 7 Chapter packet 11 Cell Biology Quiz 1 – 10 multiple choice questions Cell Biology Quiz 2 – 10 multiple choice questions 4 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 3.B.2: A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression. 3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history. 3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling. 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. 3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response. Cell Biology Exam – 50 multiple choice questions and one free response questions. The multiple choice section is completed in a 45-minute session and the free response is complete in a 22minute session. Big Idea 4 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular process 4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter. IV Cell Processes (18 Days) Ch. 8: Metabolism Ch. 9: Respiration Ch. 10: Photosynthesis Big Idea 1 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. Big Idea 2 2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of energy. 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. 2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions. 2.D.1: All biological systems form cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. Big Idea 4 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular process 4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy. 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. V (13 Days) Cellular Reproduction Ch. 12: The Cell Cycle Big Idea 3 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable information is PHOTOSYNTHESIS (EU: 1.B.1, 2.A.1, 2.A.2, 2.B.3, 4.A.2, 4.A.6, SP: 1.4, 2.2, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.2) CELLULAR RESPIRAT ION (EU: 1.B.1, 2.A.1, 2.A.2, 2.B.3, 4.A.2, 4.A.6, SP: 1.4, 2.2, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.2) ENZYME ACTIVITY (EU: 2.D.1, 4.A.1, 4.B.1, SP: 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.4, 7.2) Chapter packet 8 Chapter packet 9 Chapter packet 10 Cell Processes Quiz 1 – 10 multiple choice questions Cell Processes Quiz 2 – 10 multiple choice questions Cell Processes Exam – 50 multiple choice questions and one free response questions. The multiple choice section is completed in a 45-minute session and the free response is complete in a 22minute session. CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS (EU: 3.A.1, 3.A.2, 3.A.3, 3.C.2, SP: 1.1, 1.2, 5.3, 6.2, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2) 5 Ch. 13: Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles VI Genetics (10 Days) Ch 14: Medal and the Gene Idea Ch 15: the Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization. 3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring. 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. Chapter packet 12 Big Idea 1 1.A.1: Natural Selection is a major mechanism of evolution. 1.A.2: Natural Selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. ART IFICIAL SELECTION (EU: 1.A.1, 1.A.2, SP 1.1, 2.2, 5.3, 7.1) Big Idea 3 3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring. 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics 3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. Chapter packet 15 Big Idea 4 4.C.2: Environmental factors influence the expression of the genotype in an organism. 4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem. VII (20 Days) DNA, RNA, and Biotechnology Ch. 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Ch. 17: From Gene to Protein Ch. 18: Regulation of Gene Expression Ch. 19: Viruses Ch. 20: Biotechnology Ch. 21: Genomes and Their Evolution Big Idea 1 1.A.2: Natural Selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. 1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve. Big Idea 2 2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Chapter packet 13 Cellular Reproduction Quiz 1 – 10 multiple choice questions Cellular Reproduction Quiz 2 – 10 multiple choice questions Cellular Reproduction Exam – 50 multiple choice questions and one free response questions. The multiple choice section is completed in a 45-minute session and the free response is complete in a 22- minute session. Pedigree analysis Chapter packet 14 Genetics Quiz 1 – 10 multiple choice questions Genetics Quiz 2 – 10 multiple choice questions Genetics Exam – 50 multiple choice questions and one free response questions. The multiple choice section is completed in a 45-minute session and the free response is complete in a 22minute session. BIOTECHNOLOGY: BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION (EU: 1.A.2, 1.C.3, 3.A.1, 3.B.1, 3.C.1, 3.C.2, SP: 3.1, 5.3, 6.4, 7.1) BIOTECHNOLOGY: RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS OF DNA (EU: 1.C.3, 3.A.1, 3.A.3, SP: 3.1, 6.4) Chapter packet 16 Chapter packet 17 Big Idea 3 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring. 3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differential gene Chapter packet 18 Chapter packet 19 Chapter packet 20 Chapter packet 21 DNA and RNA Quiz 1 – 10 multiple choice questions 6 expression, leading to cell specialization. 3.B.2: A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression. 3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. 3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the host. Big Idea 4 4.A.3: Interactions between external stimuli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues and organs. 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. VIII Evolution (17 Days) Ch. 22: Descent with Modification Ch. 23: Evolution of Populations Ch. 24: Origin of Species Ch. 25: The History of Life on Earth Ch. 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Big Idea 1 1.A.1: Natural Selection is a major mechanism of evolution. 1.A.2: Natural Selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. 1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by a random process. 1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines including mathematics. 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. 1.B.2: Phyolgenetic trees and cladograms are graphic representations (models) of evolutionary histories that can be tested. 1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth’s history. 1.C.2: Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively isolated from each other. 1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve. 1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence. 1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many different disciplines supports models of the origins of life. Big Idea 2 2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physiological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms. DNA and RNA Quiz 2 – 10 multiple choice questions Biotech Quiz 1 – 10 multiple choice questions DNA, RNA and Biotechnology Exam – 50 multiple choice questions and one free response questions. The multiple choice section is completed in a 45minute session and the free response is complete in a 22minute session. MATHEMATICAL MODELING: HARDY-WEINBERG (EU: 1.A.1, 1.A.2, 1.A.3, 1.C.3, SP: 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 5.3) COMPARING DNA SEQUENCES TO UNDERSTANDING EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS WITH BLAST (EU: 1.A.1, 1.A.4, 1.B.2, 3.A.1, SP: 1.1, 1.2, 5.3, 5.6) Chapter packet 22 Chapter packet 23 Chapter packet 24 Chapter packet 25 Chapter packet 26 Evolution Quiz 1 – 10 multiple choice questions Evolution Quiz 2 – 10 multiple choice questions Evolution Exam – 50 multiple choice questions and one free response questions. The multiple choice section is completed in a 45-minute session and the free response is complete in a 22minute session. Big Idea 3 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. Big Idea 4 4.B.4: Distribution of local and global ecosystems changes over time. 7 4.C.3: The level of variation in a population affects population dynamics. 4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem. IX (20 Days) Biological Diversity Ch 27: Bacteria and Archaea Ch 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Ch 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Ch 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Ch 43: The Immune System Ch 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Ch 49: Nervous Systems Big Idea 1 1.A.2: Natural Selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. TRANSPIRATION (EU: 1.A.2, 2.A.3, 2.B.1, 2.B.2, 2.D.1, 4.A.4, 4.A.6, SP: 1.1, 1.4, 2.2, 4.1, 6.4, 7.1) Big Idea 2 2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of energy. 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. 2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes. 2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments. 2.D.1: All biological systems form cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. 2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different environments. 2.D.3: Biological systems are affected by distributions to their dynamic homeostasis. 2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis. 2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms. 2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physiological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms. 2.E.3: Timing and coordination of behavior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection. Daphina Heart Rate Analysis Chapter packet 27 Chapter packet 38 Chapter packet 39 Chapter packet 40 Chapter packet 43 Chapter packet 48 Chapter packet 49 Biological Diversity Quiz 1 – 10 multiple choice questions Biological Diversity Quiz 2 – 10 multiple choice questions Biological Diversity Exam – 50 multiple choice questions and one free response questions. The multiple choice section is completed in a 45-minute session and the free response is complete in a 22- minute session. Big Idea 3 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. 8 Big Idea 4 4.A.4: Organisms exhibit complex properties due to interactions between their constituent parts. 4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy. 4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter. *As a component of each unit students are required to review a current event in the media that relates to the unit being studied. Students then produce a written 5-paragraph summary of the current event. In addition to this, students provide an opinion response of possible environmental and social impacts that the event may have related to the discipline of science. 9 AP Biology Lab Rubric 1/2 3/6 5/10 Purpose Purpose partially identified with partial validity • Limited relevant explanation Purpose sufficiently identified with some validity • Basic relevant explanation written in paragraph form. Hypothesis Association between problem and predicted results • Made attempt to operationalize key variables • Hypothesis has some relationship to established knowledge but is not supported • Scientific concepts and vocabulary used, but contains errors Reasonable association between the problem and the predicted results • Key variables are operationalized • Hypothesis has a reasonable relationship with established knowledge; this relationship is generally supported • Scientific concepts and vocabulary used without significant error Materials / Methods Procedure Results / Conclusions Observations Design has general relevance to the hypothesis • List of materials and controls is nearly complete, missing at least one important item • Description makes it possible to replicate the experiment if researcher makes some inferences • Safety concerns miss at least one important consideration; procedures will result in some risk to student safety if not revised Most data are collected but checks are not placed on measurement to insure accuracy • Data are recorded in a manner that threatens reliability • Data table incomplete or contain inconsistencies Design is adequate to test the hypothesis • List of materials and controls is complete and some description provided • Description makes it likely that the experiment can be reliably replicated • All major safety concerns are adequately addressed; procedures adopted are likely to produce a safe experiment -- some further refinement could minimize possible discomfort to the student All significant data measured with some checks placed on measurement for accuracy • Data recorded effectively • The data table is relevant to the task requirements Conclusion too general or over-reaches the data analysis • Conclusion uses the language of the experiment but does not translate conclusion to its relevance to the original problem • Lab questions answered, but contains significant errors Conclusion precise, related to the hypothesis • Conclusion uses operational terms of the experiment and attempts to translate the conclusion to make it relevant to the original problem (some data included) • The conclusion related to general interest and other studies • Lab questions answered without significant error Purpose is appropriately identified • Precise, clear and relevant explanation written in paragraph form with at least 5 sentences. Association between the problem and the predicted results is direct and relevant • All variables are clearly operationalized with and “If / Then” statement that is testable • Hypothesis clearly refutes or defends established knowledge and is fully supported • Student demonstrates facility in the use of scientific concepts and vocabulary Design is a well-constructed test of the stated hypothesis • List of materials and controls is complete and thoroughly described • The description of the experiment is complete, insuring that it can be replicated • Safety concerns are fully addressed and procedures for conducting the experiment insure that there is little or no risk of safety or discomfort to the student All significant data measured, checks are placed on measurements for accuracy • The data table welldesigned to the task requirements • An appropriate graph is include to visualize that data • Data recorded effectively and efficiently with analysis Conclusion precisely stated, relates directly to support or non-support of the hypothesis • Conclusion uses operational terms and suggests how the conclusion has relevancy in resolution of the original problem (multiple data points included) • Conclusion relates the study to general interest, other studies that have been or could be conducted • Lab questions answered without error Introduction Conclusion Total----> ____/5 ____/5 ____/10 ____/10 ____/10 ____/40 10 11