Download Ecology Notes

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Date:
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Ch. 10 Ecosystems Notes
Ecology- the study of _______________________, how they ______________ with one another, and how they interact with their
environment.
Habitat- Environment that provides the things an organism needs to ____________________________

Can have more than _________ habitat in an __________________________
o Different organisms need different things to survive
Biotic Factors- __________________ parts of an environment: Animals, plants, insects, fungi, bacteria
Abiotic Factor- __________________ parts of an environment
 Water- needed by all ___________________________ and for __________________________
 Sunlight- needed for photosynthesis
 Oxygen
 Temperature
 Soil- rocks, _________________, air, water, ________________ remains
Organization (smallest to largest)
 ___________________- one living thing in an area

____________________- all the members of one species in an area
o

______________- a group of organisms that can mate and produce a fertile offspring
____________________- all the different populations of an area, all the living things in an area
 ____________________- all the parts of the environment, living and nonliving
Changes in Population Size
 Birth rate- members ____________ into a population
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______________________- members leave the population by dying
o If the birth date > death rate, the population will increase
o If the death rate > birth rate, the population will decrease

_______________________- individuals move into the population

Emigration- individuals ____________________ of a population
o If immigration > emigration, population increases
o If emigration > immigration, population decreases
Limiting Factors- An _______________________ factor that causes a population to stop _________________
 Food and water
o ______________________________- the largest population an area can support


Space- places to ______________, ______________ and ___________________ for plants
Light- plants need light to be able to grow
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Soil composition- amount of ____________________ in soil
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_____________________- amount of rainfall, heat, temperature
Energy Roles- ____________________ flows within an ecosystem between its ___________________

Energy enters most ecosystems in the form of ________________________
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___________________- plants, algae, and some bacteria uses ________________ to make food
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____________________- organisms that get energy by feeding on another organism
o
_____________________- eat plants, also known as first-level consumers
o
Carnivores- eats other __________________, second-level consumers or higher
o
o
o
_____________________- eats plants and animals, occupies more than ________ energy level
Scavenger- carnivores that eat dead animals, such as catfish and vultures
Decomposers- break down wastes and dead organisms into raw materials, mushrooms and bacteria
Food Chain- _______________ of events where one _________________ eats another to get ______________

First organism is always a _______________
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Second organism feeds on the __________________, called a first-level ____________________
 Second-level consumer eats the ______________________ consumer
Food Web- overlapping food chains in an environment

More realistic way to show __________________ between organism

_________________________-diagram that shows the amount of __________________ that moves from one feeding
level to another in a food web
o
_________ of energy is lost between levels
o
Most energy on the _______________ (producers), least energy on the __________
Adapting to an Environment
 Natural Selection- characteristic that makes an ______________ better suited for its __________________

___________________- behaviors or physical characteristics that allow organisms to survive and reproduce
Niche- An organism’s _______________ in a ____________________

____________ of food it eats, how it _______________ food

What _________________________ eat it

When and how it ______________________
 _________________ conditions it needs
Interactions
 ____________________- struggle between organisms to survive


o
Limited amount of _____________, ______________, _________________
o
If two species occupy the same ____________, one will eventually _________________
o
Change ___________________, such as hunting during different time of day
Predation- interaction where one organism ___________ another for _____________
o
____________- organism that does the killing, adaptations- speed, poison, hunt at night, traps, using sound
o
__________- organism that gets ___________, adaptations- camouflage, mimicry, false coloring, warning colors,
speed, alertness, smell
______________________- Relationship between two species where at least one ________________
o
Mutualism- both _______________, bees and flowers
o
_________________________- one benefits, other is neutral, bird in a nest
o
Parasitism- one ________________, other is _______________, fleas, ticks, leeches
 Parasite- organism that benefits from harming another organism,
 Host- organism that is harmed by a parasite, but not _____________________