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Unit 2: Introduction to Biology – Molecules of Life – Part 1 Vocabulary Preview biology cell molecule atom proton neutron electron model symbol compare contrast Bohr model chemical symbol formula bond inorganic polar aquahydroorganic carbon carbohydrate protein amino acid lipid nucleic acid nucleotide _________________ _________________ _________________ Background: Biology is the study of life. All living things are made of cells. Cells are made up of molecules. Molecules are made of atoms. Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. We often represent atoms with idealized models or even symbols to make our study of science easier. These 3 pictures are all Bohr models of atoms. Discuss how they are the same (compare). How are they different (contrast)? It is ridiculous to think that you would make such a detailed drawing every time you wanted to represent an atom, so we have simplified these representations even more. These 3 pictures are all models of a molecule of water. Compare and contrast the models. Notice in the 3rd model that the atoms are reduced down to just the chemical symbol for the element (H=hydrogen and O=oxygen). We can simplify this even more by just writing the formula for the molecule without representing the bonds holding them together at all: H2O When we write H2O we are literally saying we have 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom (the 1 is “understood” and not actually written) in every molecule of this stuff we call “water”. Water is a very important molecule in Biology. We will talk about the role of water in many, many processes and systems throughout the year. Here are some key words associated with water: inorganic – water does not have any carbon atoms in its molecules (if it did the formula would have a “C” in it) so we describe it as being “inorganic”; the word organic in Biology means that a molecule contains carbon (we’ll review this soon) polar – water is a polar molecule; this means that the electrons that oxygen and hydrogen are supposed to share are not being shared equally – oxygen is an electron hog; this creates a negative end at oxygen and a positive end at the hydrogens; opposite ends are called “poles” aqua – prefix referring to water as in aquatic or aquarium hydro – prefix also meaning water as in hydrolysis or dehydration Unit 2: Introduction to Biology – Molecules of Life – Part 2 Other molecules of life are much, much bigger than water molecules. These are the molecules that make up cells and are involved in the chemical reactions that make up the biochemical pathways in living things (like photosynthesis). These molecules are 4 general types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These 4 types of molecules are all organic. They all have carbon atoms in their molecules, which we can see when we look at models of these molecules or their formulas and see the letter “C” for carbon. CARBOHYDRATES: Think sugar! The picture below is a model of a molecule of glucose. Notice the C’s for carbon connected in a ring that give the molecule its general shape. Sometimes we simplify these models even more. The second picture is a molecule of glucose, also, but the C’s have not been drawn to simplify it. Everywhere that 2 lines (bonds) meet represents a carbon atom. They are numbered 1-6 to help you see them. Glucose is a monosaccharide. There are many monosaccharides, including fructose (as in “high fructose corn syrup”). Monosaccharides make up disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Sucrose is a disaccharide we commonly call “table sugar”. Common polysaccharides include starch, cellulose and glycogen. PROTEINS: Think amino acids! Below are 6 molecules called amino acids that make up proteins. Notice they all have C’s for carbon because they are organic. Both carbohydrates and proteins, as well as nucleic acids, are molecules classified as polymers. This means that a carbohydrate or a protein is made up of many of the same type of smaller molecules. You can think of a polymer as kind of like a bead necklace and the beads as the smaller molecules. The smaller molecules are called monomers. Word Parts: poly – many mono – one mere – unit monomer + monomer + monomer + monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer The monomers are hooked together by chemical bonds. When the bonds form, water is also produced. Because a molecule of water (H2O) is formed from the two monomers that are being linked together, the reaction is called a dehydration synthesis reaction. Polymers can also be broken back down into their monomers. A molecule of water is needed for each bond that has to be broken. This kind of reaction is call hydrolysis. Word Parts: de – to remove (like the word decapitate means to remove the head) hydro – water syn – together lys – to split Unit 2: Introduction to Biology – Molecules of Life – Part 3 LIPIDS: Think fats! Lipids are also organic molecules. There are many kinds of lipids, including fats, oils, waxes, pigments, and steroids. Phospholipids are most commonly found in the membranes of cells, both the main cell membrane and the membranes that form the organelles like the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum Fatty acids are found in fats, oils and waxes, including the fat in meat, lard, shortening, butter, milk, cream, yogurt, cheese, candles and crayons. The molecule to the left is chlorophyll, the green pigment found in plants. Notice that it looks like a flower The molecule to the right is a steroid hormone. Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol. Cholesterol and steroid hormones have the 4 rings you see in common. NUCLEIC ACIDS: Think DNA! The last group of organic molecules we’re going to study is the nucleic acids. The two nucleic acids we study that are nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). These are HUGE molecules made up of molecules called nucleotides. Below is a picture of a nucleotide. The nucleic acids are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. DNA never leaves the nucleus because it is protected from chemicals that would damage or destroy it inside of this important cell structure. Nucleic acids are also polymers made up of monomers called nucleotides. The nucleotides are hooked together in dehydration synthesis reactions. Nucleic acids can be broken down by hydrolysis. We are going to refer to these 4 types of organic molecules ALL YEAR, as well as the inorganic molecule water. First, we are going to get a little more background on all of them, then we are going to study each of them in detail. It will take us the entire first semester to get a good understanding of these molecules and to be able to compare their structures and their functions. To get started on this process, we are going to complete an activity called “Pattern Matching: Organic Molecules”. Name ______________________________ Date __________________ Period _______ Unit 2: Introduction to Biology – Molecules of Life Homework – Part 1 Tomorrow we will turn in this assignment at the beginning of the period. It is worth 5 daily grade extra credit points. After we have passed it up, we are going to go over it as a class and you will have the opportunity to ask questions about what you do not understand. Then, we are going to take a quiz over the same material. The quiz is worth 100 daily grade points (no extra credit). Use your notes and the discussion in class to complete the questions below. If you need help, raise your hand or come in to tutorials. 1. In this class, Biology, we are going to study __________________. 2. Living things are made up of __________________. 3. Put these words in order from “biggest” to “smallest”: atom, cell, molecule ________________ __________________ __________________ 4. Think carefully! Atoms have a nucleus made up of protons and neutrons. Cells have something called a nucleus, too, but it is made up of __________________, which are in turn made of atoms. 5. How do we represent atoms in science? _____________________________________________ 6. Why do we use letters to represent atoms? ___________________________________________ 7. The formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. What does this formula tell you? ____________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Formulas in general always tell you __________________________________________________ 9. Why is water described as inorganic? ________________________________________________ 10. What are the two prefixes that mean water? _________________________________________ (please continue on the back) Understanding Models Practice One of the biggest challenges for many students is looking at and understanding what is being shown in a diagram, particularly a diagram of a complicated molecule. Below are some initial exercises to make you better at this important science skill. 11. Use your notes as a reference and a PENCIL to draw a Bohr model of a carbon atom using the symbols given below. The two rings are the energy levels; the space in the middle is for you to draw the nucleus. proton + neutron electron - 12. Draw a molecule of water using the symbols for the elements (letters) to represent the atoms and lines to represent the bonds between the atoms. Name ______________________________ Date __________________ Period _______ Unit 2: Introduction to Biology – Molecules of Life Homework – Part 2 Tomorrow we will turn in this assignment at the beginning of the period. It is worth 5 daily grade extra credit points. After we have passed it up, we are going to go over it as a class and you will have the opportunity to ask questions about what you do not understand. Then, we are going to take a quiz over the same material. The quiz is worth 100 daily grade points (no extra credit). Use your notes and the discussion in class to complete the questions below. If you need help, raise your hand or come in to tutorials. 1. Name the 4 general types of organic compounds. _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why are these molecules called organic? ____________________________________________ 3. When you look at a model of a molecule, what element (kind of atom) is understood to be where two lines (bonds) meet? _______________________ 4. From the discussion in class, if you had teeny tiny itsy bitsy hands, could you hold on to a bond between two atoms in a molecule like you can hold on to a bar holding together two things? ______ Explain. __________________________________________________________________________ 5. What are molecules monomers) that make up proteins called? (do not answer organic) ________________ ________________ 6. What are the three glucose polymers listed in your notes? ______________________, ___________________, and _____________________ 7. What does the prefix or word part “hydro” mean? ____________________ 8. What does the prefix or word part “aqua” mean? _____________________ 9. What does “mono” mean? _________________ 10. What does “poly” mean? _________________ 11. Proteins are different when compared to the other 3 types of organic compounds because they always contain the letter _________ in their formula or a diagram of a molecule which represents the element ________________. Name ______________________________ Date __________________ Period _______ Unit 2: Introduction to Biology – Molecules of Life Homework – Part 3 Tomorrow we will turn in this assignment at the beginning of the period. It is worth 5 daily grade extra credit points. After we have passed it up, we are going to go over it as a class and you will have the opportunity to ask questions about what you do not understand. Then, we are going to take a quiz over the same material. The quiz is worth 100 daily grade points (no extra credit). Use your notes and the discussion in class to complete the questions below. If you need help, raise your hand or come in to tutorials. 1. Look at the diagram of the saturated fatty acid and the unsaturated fatty acid. What is different about the unsaturated fatty acid that makes it all “bendy”? _________________________________ 2. Where did your teacher tell you phospholipids are found in cells? _________________________ 3. Draw the simplest symbol for a phospholipid that we generally use. _______________________ 4. What are the molecules that make up DNA and RNA called? _____________________________ 5. The prefix “de-“ means “to remove”—like “detachable” means “removable”. What do you think has been removed (what element) from ribonucleic acid to make it deoxyribonucleic acid. ________ Understanding Models Practice One of the biggest challenges for many students is looking at and understanding what is being shown in a diagram, particularly a diagram of a complicated molecule. Below are some initial exercises to make you better at this important science skill. 6. Below are several diagrams of molecules that you saw in your notes. Use your notes to write the type of organic molecule for each one (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, or nucleic acid)in the first blank, then a more specific term from the list below in the second blank. amino acid (3 times) cholesterol DNA fatty acid glucose (2 times) nucleotide (2 times) phospholipid ________________________ _____________________ _____________________ ________________________ _____________________ _____________________ _________________________________ ______________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ _____________________________ _______________________________ _____________________________ ________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Name ______________________________ Date __________________ Period _______ Unit 2: Introduction to Biology – Molecules of Life HW QUIZ - 1 Match the following definitions with the correct term. Put a printed, CAPITAL letter in the blank. _______ 1. The study of life _______ 2. Used to represent abstract things like atoms to make science easier to study _______ 3. Letters and numbers used to represent the number of atoms of each element in a molecule _______ 4. Does not contain carbon _______ 5. Hydrolysis means to split with ____________ _______ 6. Element represented where two lines meet in a drawing of a molecule _______ 7. Force that holds two atoms together represented by a line between two letters or other symbol in a drawing of a molecule _______ 8. Molecules that make up proteins _______ 9. Molecules that make up nucleic acids _______ 10. One of the simplest carbohydrates A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. amino acids Biology bond carbon formula glucose inorganic model nucleotides water Q 11-15: Put the following terms in order from BIGGEST to smallest. Either number them in the blanks provided with number 1 being the biggest and 5 the smallest or you can rewrite them in the long blank provided. _____atoms _____cell _____living thing _____molecules _____proton ____________________________________________ Q 16-21. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. Explain what this formula tells you about the number and type of each atom in one molecule of glucose. ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Name ______________________________ Date __________________ Period _______ Unit 2: Introduction to Biology – Molecules of Life HW QUIZ - 2 Which of these molecules are organic and which are inorganic? Indicate your answers by writing an O or an I in each blank. 1. _____ H2S 2. _____ CH3COOH 3. _____H2O 4. _____ CH3CH2OH 5. _____ 6. If –aria/ -arium refers to “a place”, then the word aquarium literally means a place where _________ is. 7. A hydroplane is an airplane that takes off and lands on ___________________ 8. The word dehydration means to remove _____________ 9. The word hydrolysis means to split with _____________ 10. Glucose is a monomer of several polymers including ____________________, _________________ and ________________. 11. Proteins are polymers of the monomer ______________ _____________. 12. When compared to the other types of organic compounds (polymers), which type of organic compound (polymer) always contains the element nitrogen, represented by an ‘N’ in the formula or diagram of the molecule? ____________________ Name ______________________________ Date __________________ Period _______ Unit 2: Introduction to Biology – Molecules of Life HW QUIZ - 3 Match the following structures to the type of molecule they represent. Write a printed CAPITAL letter in the blank. _______ 1. A. B. C. D. _______ 2. _______ 3. _______ 4. lipid/fatty acid lipid/steroid nucleotide amino acid 5. What letter do you look for in a diagram (model) of an organic molecule or the formula of an organic molecule? __________, which represents the element ___________________. 6. Which diagram (on the front) is a monomer of a protein (just write the number)? ___________ 7. Which diagram (on the front) is a monomer of a nucleic acid (just write the number)? ________ 8. Three of the four types of organic compounds are represented by the diagrams on the front. Which type of organic compound is NOT represented on the front? ___________________________ 9. Which type of organic compound always has a ‘P’ in its formula or diagram of a molecule, showing that phosphorus is in the molecule? ____________________ ___________________