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EOC CUMMULATIVE REVIEW Answer all questions and use word banks when given I. Scientific Investigation: (independent variable, control, experiment, hypothesis, qualitative, dependent variable, variables, quantitative) 1. ____________________- is the type of data gathered using the 5 senses. 2. ____________________- is the type of data gathered using actual measured numbers. 3. ____________________- is an educated guess/prediction; usually in “IF...THEN” form. 4. ____________________- are the factors that are measured in an experiment. 5. ____________________- is the variable that you purposely change 6. ____________________- is the variable that changes as a result of changing the other variable. 7. ____________________- the thing(s) that are purposely kept the same in the experiment. 8. ____________________- is a structured way to test a hypothesis II. Characteristics of Living Things A. List the 7 Characteristics of Life (homeostasis, development, made of cells, growth, gets energy, reproduction) 1. ____________________- at least one that can perform the characteristics of life 2. ____________________- by absorbing as autotrophs do or consuming as heterotrophs do 3. ____________________- to get bigger or gain mass by adding new cells 4. ____________________- change; puberty during adolescence 5. ____________________- either asexually or sexually 6. ____________________- ex. body temperature, metabolism B. Place the following biological terms in order from smallest to largest (biosphere, cell, community, ecosystem, organ, organism, organ system, population, species, tissue) III. Life at the Molecular Level A. Inorganic Compounds~ (Typically DO NOT contain carbon) 1. Water (hydrogen bonding, float, acids, body temperature, capillary action, water, polar, 7, 4, 14, 0, cohesion, solvent, bases, high heat of vaporization, homeostasis, surface tension) a. Water molecules have a slightly negative charge at one end and a slightly positive charge at the other, this means that the molecule is ____________________. b. ____________________ is the attraction between the positive end of one water molecule and the negative end of another water molecule. c. Many of the 5 unique properties of water are caused by hydrogen bonding ~ ____________________ is the movement of water up thin plant tubes, caused by ____________________ which means that water molecules ‘stick’ to each other. ~ The property that helps bugs stand on water is called ____________________. ~ Water expands when it freezes which makes ice ____________________. ~ Water has a ____________________ which means it takes a lot of energy to change it from a liquid to a gas. This is important because it helps organisms to maintain the amount of water they have in their bodies. ~ Water also resists temperature changes which means that organisms can maintain ____________________ by keeping a constant ____________________. d. Because water is a polar molecule, it is called the universal ____________________ which means that it can dissolve many substances. e. Cells are 95% ____________________, therefore 95% of your entire body is made of water. ~~The pH scale is from 0-14. _________ range 0-6. _______ range 8-14. A neutral solution has a pH of _______. 2. The Water Cycle (terms: condensation, transpiration, precipitation, capillary action, evaporation, run-off, ground water) a. water falls to the ground in the form of ____________________ (letter _____) b. it percolates through the soil to make ____________________ (letter ____) c. water that doesn’t go into the ground is called _______________ (letter _____) d. water is taken into plants through the roots by ____________________ e. ____________________- the process of releasing water vapor into the atmosphere from plant leaves. (letter ____) f. ____________________ puts water from oceans and lakes into the atmosphere. (letter____) g. water in the atmosphere forms droplets in clouds by ____________________. (letter ____) h. In Arizona there is probably more ____________________ than ____________________ i. Places with much ground water probably have much ____________________ 3. The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle (terms: heterotrophs, CO2, water, O2, glucose, chloroplasts, mitochondria, photosynthesis, chemical, respiration, autotrophs, solar, ATP/energy) a. ____________________ use organelles called ____________ in their leaves to collect _____________ energy. b. ____________________ occurs so plants can make _________________ to use for energy. c. photosynthesis converts ____________________ energy into ____________________ energy. d. photosynthesis uses ___________, ____________________ and (_________________ ) energy to form ____________________ and ____________________. e. animals can not make their own food therefore they are called ____________________. f. animals use organelles called ____________________ to perform a process called ____________________ which breaks down food molecules to produce ATP for energy. g. respiration uses ____________________ and ____________________ to produce ____________________ and ____________________. h. the gas made by respiration is ____________________; the gas taken in by photosynthesis is ____________________. i. the gas taken in by respiration is ____________________; the gas produced by photosynthesis is ____________________. j. The letter ______represents the rabbit dying and replacing nutrients in the soil. k. The letter _____ represents carbon dioxide being taken in to perform photosynthesis. l. The letters _______ and ______ show CO2 being released into the atmosphere by respiration. m. The letters _______ and _______ show carbon compounds being ingested for metabolic purposes. >Write the equation for photosynthesis >Write the equation for cellular respiration 4. The Nitrogen Cycle (terms: decompose, heterotrophic, autotrophs, producers, consume, nitrogen-fixing bacteria) a. nitrogen is absorbed from the soil by ____________________ (plants) to build compounds b. ____________________ organisms ____________________ plants to build their own compounds. c. when organisms die, the bodies ____________________ and nitrogen goes back to the soil. d. ______________________________ use the nitrogen compounds for themselves and to make nitrogen available for other organisms to use. e. The number ____________________ represents organic wastes from plants and animals adding nitrogen to the soil. f. The number ____________________ depicts plants using nitrogen in the soil to grow, develop, and reproduce. g. The number _______________ shows that plants are eaten by animals (including people) to gain nitrogen. h. The number ________ is where bacteria in the soil convert nitrogen in to forms that plants can use. B. Organic Compounds or Macromolecules: there are ____________________ macromolecules. All organic molecules contain ____________________!!!! 1. Carbohydrates (terms: starch, cellulose, monosaccharides, built, glucose, broken down, disaccharide, hydrolysis, polysaccharide, lactose) a. carbohydrates are ____________________ to store energy in plants and are ____________________ to be used as cellular energy to accomplish the characteristics of life. b. ____________________- monomers (building blocks) of carbohydrate, an example of simple sugar is ____________________ c. 2 simple sugars make a ____________________, examples are sucrose and ____________________. d. a ____________________ is a carbohydrate made of many sugars. e. a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls is ____________________. f. a polysaccharide used to store energy in plants is _________________. 2. Lipids (terms: fatty acids, fat, cuticle, oil, store, plants, wax) a. lipids are macromolecules that are insoluble in water, including ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________. b. the building blocks of lipids are ________________________________ c. lipids are used to ____________________ energy in animals. d. ____________________ have a waxy coating on their leaves called a ____________________ which keeps from losing too much moisture or from becoming water logged. 3. Proteins(terms: amino acids, peptide, enzymes, speed up) a. Proteins are made up of ____________________ joined together by ____________________ bonds. b. ____________________ are a special group of proteins that ____________________ reactions. 4. Nucleic Acids (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil, replication, sugar, ribose, Watson & Crick, nucleotide, double helix, genetic, insulin, deoxyribose, phosphate, DNA, RNA, nitrogen base) a. The two types of nucleic acids are ____________________ and ____________________. b. The monomer of a nucleic acid is a ____________________, which is made of a ____________________, a ____________________, and a ___________________________________. c. ____________________ is common to all living things and it stores genetic information. d. In DNA, ____________________ bonds with ____________________ and ____________________ bonds with ____________________. e. The shape of a DNA molecule is a ____________________, discovered by ____________________. f. ____________________ is a process that makes an exact copy of DNA. g. The sugar in DNA is ____________________, but the sugar in RNA is ____________________. h. In DNA adenine bonds with ____________________, but in RNA it bonds with ____________________. i. ____________________ is single stranded, and __________________ is double stranded. j. ____________________ is copied by ____________________ which becomes the pattern for making proteins. k. ____________________ engineering is inserting foreign DNA into host DNA to make recombinant DNA to make ____________________, interferon, and human growth hormone. IV. Life at the Cellular Level A. The Parts of the Cell Theory 1. ___________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________ B. Development of the Cell Theory (terms: Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Pasteur, spontaneous generation, Redi, Virchow) 1. ____________________- observed microorganisms through the 1st microscope 2. ____________________- observed cork and named cells 3. ____________________- studied plant cells 4. ____________________- studied animal cells 5. ____________________- the idea that living things come from nonliving matter 6. ____________________- meat/maggot experiment to disprove spontaneous generation 7. ____________________- S-shaped flask experiment to disprove spontaneous generation 8. ____________________- proposed/concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells C. Types of Cells (terms: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, both) 1. ____________________- have a nucleus 2. ____________________- have organelles 3. ____________________- only include organisms from the kingdom Monera (bacteria) 4. ____________________- do not have organized structures within the cell, except ribosomes 5. ____________________- include organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plant, and Animal 6. ____________________- have DNA, (HINT: ALL kingdoms of organisms have this in common) 7. ____________________- go through mitosis 8. ____________________- go through binary fission 9. ____________________- have ribosomes to synthesize proteins D. Cellular Organelles 1. ____________________- command center of the cell; DNA in the form of chromosomes is here 2. ____________________- small organelle in the nucleus that makes ribosomes. 3. ____________________- small spheres made of rRNA in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and on the ER 4. ____________________- the site of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes 5. ____________________- transport system of the cell 6. ____________________- collects, packages, and distributes proteins 7. ____________________- contains digestive enzymes to break down old cell parts 8. ____________________- storage tank of the cell 9. ____________________- organelle that conducts ‘respiration’ for the cell 10. ____________________- the powerhouse of the cell 11. ____________________- organelle that conducts ‘photosynthesis’ for plant cells 12. ____________________- assists in cell division in animal cells only 13. ____________________- the medium in which organelles float inside a cell 14. ____________________- made of cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi); outer boundary of some cells 15. ____________________- the outer layer or boundary of an animal cell 16. ____________________- would be quite numerous in a heart muscle cell because it is very active 17. ____________________ would be numerous in a cell that produces large quantities of melanin. E. Differences between plant and animal cells (complete the table by identifying ONLY the differences) Differences 1. size of vacuole 2. different organelles present 3. shape b/c of cell wall Plants Animals F. The Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement through the Cell Membrane (terms: diffusion, proteins, cell membrane, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, phospholipids, energy, low, high, carbohydrates, water, osmosis) 1. The cell membrane is composed of ____________________ and ____________________ 2. The Fluid Mosaic Model describes the ____________________ 3. Passive transport is also called ____________________ and it doesn’t require ____________________ 4. Passive transport moves molecules move from areas of ____________________ to ____________________ concentration. 6. ____________________ is a type of diffusion involving only the movement of water molecules 7. A nonspecific type of movement that requires energy is __________________ 8. The movement that requires energy moves molecules from ______________ to ____________________ concentrations. 12. Movement of large particles out of the cell is called ____________________ 13. Our cells are made of 95% ____________________, therefore 95% of our body is made of water V. Cell Division A. Mitosis (terms: nucleus, replicated, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, centromere, sister chromatid, chromatin, centrioles, spindle fibers) 1. A chromosome is made of two identical parts called ____________________ 2. The parts of a chromosome are held together by a ____________________ 3. Only animal cells have ____________________ to help with chromosome movement. 4. During ____________________ sister chromatids are separated at the ____________________ and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. 5. DNA is ____________________ during ____________________ so each cell will have the same information 6. Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell in ____________________ 7. Loose or uncoiled chromosomes are actually DNA in the form of ____________________ 8. During ____________________ spindle fibers shorten which pulls chromosomes to the poles. 9. After the nucleus divides, ____________________ occurs which is division of the cytoplasm 12. ____________________ are attached to chromosomes at the centromere 13. ____________________- chromatin condenses and becomes visible chromosomes 14. ____________________- nuclear membrane begins to form around each set of chromosomes 15. ____________________- nuclear membrane begins to disappear 16. ____________________- two daughter cells are formed B. Other types of division and Asexual Reproduction in Organisms (terms: binary fission, budding, mitosis, spore production, regeneration) 1. ____________________- repairing severed appendage (starfish or lizard tail) 3. ____________________- new mold growing where spores have fallen, also occurs in ferns 4. ____________________- only occurs in prokaryotes 5. ____________________- occurs in yeast and hydra when a tiny bud sprouts from a parent 6. ____________________- occurs in single celled eukaryotes like paramecium, splitting the nucleus C. Meiosis (gametes, 1, the same, 46, 23, eggs, sperm, homologous, diploid, half, 2, haploid, prophase) 1. Meiosis is a type of cell division that makes sex cells or __________________ 2. The two types of sex cells are _____________ and ____________________ 3. Mitosis consists of ________ division(s), while meiosis consists of ____________division(s). 4. Mitosis makes cells with ____________________ number of chromosomes as the parent cell, but meiosis produces cells with ____________________ the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. 5. A human’s body cells have ____________________ chromosomes; sex cells or gametes have ____________________ 6. For every chromosome your mother gave you, there is a _________________ chromosome from your father with information regarding the same trait(s). 7. When a cell has a full complement of homologues or homologous chromosomes from each parent, the cell is said to be ____________________. 8. Sex cells have only ONE set of chromosomes, they are called _____________ 9. ____________________ chromosomes exchange information during ____________________ which adds to diversity. D. Cell Growth (terms: translation, diffusion, transcription, proteins, mRNA, amino acid, DNA, grow, peptide, tRNA, codon, nitrogen bases, cytoplasm, ribosome, nucleus, surface to volume ratio) 1. After a new cell is formed it must get bigger or ____________________ 2. One important thing that effects a cells’ size is ____________________ 4. The process of protein synthesis is comprised of ____________________ and ____________________ 5. During ____________________, the genetic code is copied from ____________________ to ____________________ 6. Because DNA can’t leave the ____________________, the message is carried out to the ____________________ by ____________________. 7. Once the message from DNA is copied, the ____________________ leaves the nucleus and travels to a ____________________ in the ________________. 8. A sequence of 3 bases on DNA or mRNA is called a(n) _________________ 9. Each new amino acid is transferred to the ribosome by the _______________ 10. Each ____________________ is linked together by ____________________ bonds to form ____________________. 11. Another name for protein synthesis is ____________________. 12. The sequence of ____________________ on ____________________ carry the genetic code. E. Transcription and Translation: Use a codon chart to transcribe and translate the followingDNA sequence.(TACGGCCATTTCGATTTGAGCATC) 1. mRNA____________________ 2. amino acids ____________________ 3. This protein is made of ____________________ amino acids. (give the number of amino acids) F. DNA Technology (terms: DNA sequence, genes, fingerprinting, identical, fraternal, collaborative, same) 1. DNA ____________________ is used to identity crime suspects (such as murder and rape). 2. Using electrophoresis, scientists can determine an individual’s DNA fingerprint. No two people have the ____________________ fingerprint, except for ____________________ twins. 3. Human Genome project is considered a ____________________ effort because 13 countries worked on it. 4. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to understand the ____________________. 5. Scientists wanted to determine the sequence of bases to ultimately find the ____________________ responsible for certain diseases. VI. Genetics A. Vocabulary (terms: phenotype, gene, heredity, genetics, genome, recessive, dominant, Gregor Mendel, trait, genotype, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous) 1. ____________________- two different alleles, a hybrid (Tt) 2. ____________________- is the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring 3. ____________________- is the type of genes or alleles present in an organism’s genome 4. ____________________- form of gene that always shows even in the presence of recessive allele. 5. ____________________- all of the genes in an organism 6. ____________________- are different forms of the same gene (ex: tall vs. short) 7. ____________________- two alleles of the same form that make up a genotype, pure breed (TT or tt) 8. ____________________ is the Father of Modern Genetics 9. ____________________- form of a gene only expressed in a homozygous state 10. ____________________- is an inherited characteristic 11. ____________________- is an organism’s physical appearance 12. ____________________- is the study of heredity 13. ____________________- is a segment of DNA located on a chromosome B. Mendelian Genetics (terms: monohybrid, dihybrid, independent assortment, genotypic, phenotypic, segregation, Punnett square, incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits) 1. ____________________- table used to diagram the probability of getting certain genotypes 2. A ____________________ cross constitutes a study of only one trait 3. A ____________________ cross constitutes a study of two traits at a time 4. The Law of ____________________ states that each gene is inherited separately from others if they are on different chromosomes 5. The Law of ____________________ states the 2 alleles for each trait separate as gametes form 6. ____________________ is blending of traits; red flowers + white flowers = pink 7. ____________________- both alleles are expressed equally, as in blood typing (A+B = AB) 8. ____________________- controlled by genes on sex chromosomes; colorblindness, hemophilia C. Mutations~ there are 2 major types ‘gene’ and ‘chromosomal’ 1. Gene Mutations (gene, point, frameshift, mutagens, UV light, chemicals) a. A ____________________ mutation is a change in one or more nucleotide bases of DNA. b. Mutations are caused by ____________________ like ____________________ or ____________________ c. A ____________________ mutation is when 1 nucleotide base in DNA is changed. d. A ____________________ mutation occurs if 1 or more nucleotides in DNA are added or deleted; this causes the codon sequence to be shifted. ~ if the original DNA is ATAACGCCTATT... ~ then the number of codons is ____________________ ~ then the mRNA sequence would be ____________________ ~ if the original DNA were replicated and the “G” was deleted... ~ then the DNA sequence would be ____________________ ~ then the number of codons would be ____________________ ~ then the mRNA sequence would be ____________________ ~ if the original DNA is replicated and “C” was added to the beginning... ~ then the DNA sequence would be ____________________ ~ then the number of codons would be ____________________ ~ then the mRNA sequence would be ____________________ 2. Chromosomal Mutations (terms: inversion, translocation, nondisjunction, , haploid, diploid, chromosomal) a. A ____________________ mutation occurs if there is a change in the number or structure of a single chromosome or whole sets of chromosomes b. ____________________- occurs when chromosomes don’t separate during meiosis c. ____________________- chromosome pieces are moved onto another chromosome d. ____________________- a segment of chromosome is inserted in reverse order e. In plants and animals, sex cells are ____________________ which means that they have half the number of chromosomes of a body cell f. ____________________- a cell with 2 sets of chromosomes (1 from mother; 1 from father) D. Genetic Disorders (terms: 21st, 23rd, karyotype, trisomy, chromosomal, monosomy, nondisjunction) 1. A ____________________ detects a ____________________ mutation caused by nondisjunction 2. Down Syndrome is trisomy on the ____________________ chromosome pair; caused by ____________________ 3. ____________________ occurs when there is an extra copy of a chromosome in a diploid cell. 4. Turner Syndrome is monosomy on the ____________________ chromosome 5. Name of disease and sex of child represented by above karyotype. 6. Name of disease represented by karyotype above. VII. Taxonomy- is the naming and organization of organisms developed by Carolus Linneaus, based on structural similarities A. Classification: Arrange the terms listed from largest to smallest (use these terms: Genus, Kingdom, Species, Phylum, Class, Family, Order) B. Naming Organisms (genus, Linneaus, species, different, the same, binomial nomenclature, kingdom) 1. ____________________, or ‘2 name naming’ was developed by ____________________ 2. An organism’s scientific name is made of its ____________________ then its ____________________ 3. If 2 organisms are in the same genus, they must be in ________________ family 4. Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum are two types of bacteria from the Kingdom Eubacteria. They are in ____________________ species, but they are in ____________________ genus 5. The Class of Mammals includes organisms such as rabbits and elephants which are in ____________________ Phylum but ____________________ Species 6. Only organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring are in the same ____________________ C. Kingdoms (complete the chart using the terms: eukaryote, binary fission, unicellular, both, multicellular, algae, autotroph, heterotroph, wall, prokaryote, dogwood, jellyfish, plantae, fungi, bacteria, mold, mildew, spore production, sexual, mitosis, paramecium, amoeba, membrane, Eubacteria, Fungi, Animalia, Archeabacteria, Plantae, asexual) Kingdom Cell type Cell Outer Number of Boundary cells Type of Source of Reproduction energy Cell wall Autotroph Bacteria only Autotroph, from chemicals prokaryote Membrane Both, usually Protista 2 examples Both unicellular Eukaryote Wall made of chitin Multicellular Sexual Sexual Fern, Heterotroph Sponge, D.Kingdom Specimens (eubacteria, protista, fungi, plant, animal, chitin, cellulose, cell walls, nucleus, arthropods) 1. The least complex kingdom which includes thousands of types of bacteria is _______________________ 2. The next kingdom to evolve was _______________________, which consists of only single celled organisms. 3. Fleas are multicellular heterotrophs with segmented legs, thus they are in the _______________________ kingdom. 4. _______________________ are heterotrophic organisms that get nutrients from dead or decaying organisms. 5. The _______________________ kingdom includes multicellular organisms that make their own food 6. The _______________________ kingdom includes unicellular organisms that don’t have nuclei. 7. Most _______________________ are unicellular, except for plant-like varieties like sea weed. 8. Fungi are different than plants because fungi have cell walls made of _______________________ 9. Insects in the _______________________ kingdom are called _______________________ because their legs are segmented. 10. The highest level of organization for Porifera (a sponge) is tissue. It’s in the _______________________ kingdom. E. Viruses, agents of disease (virus, host, capsid, antibodies, DNA, against, lysogenic, cell, living, nonliving) 1. Viruses are considered _______________________ because they can not perform the characteristics of life without a _______________________ 2. Viruses are made of only 2 organic compounds, _______________________ and a _______________________ made of protein. 3. The _______________________ cycle is a process by which a virus infects a _______________________ which eventually bursts, releasing newly assembled viruses. 4. A virus infects a cell by injecting _______________________ into a cell. 5. The cold and the flu are caused by a _______________________. 6. Antibiotics are typically used to fight bacterial infections. The word antibiotic literally means _______________________ life. Because viruses are considered _______________________, antibiotics don’t work against viruses. 7. Vaccines are used to help organisms make _______________________ to build immunity. Vaccines are made from destroyed or weakened forms of a______________________. F. Immune System (spleen, skin, vaccine, antibodies, pathogen) 1. The body’s first line of defense is the ___________________________ 2. ___________________________ are made by your body to fight specific pathogenic organisms or viruses. 3. If you have ___________________________ for a certain pathogen, you may be immune and won’t get sick. 4. A ___________________________ is any organism or agent (virus) that causes illness. 5. An organ/gland involved with building immunity is the ______________. 6. A ___________________________ is made to help your body build ___________________________ against a specific pathogen. 7. A ___________________________ can be made by using dead or weakened viruses that are injected into the body G. Sexual Reproduction in Plants (sperm, meiosis, plants, mitosis, eggs, wind, insects, birds, ovary, running water, pollination, spores, sexual, asexual, stamen, pistil) 1. ONLY the most complex kingdoms, like animals and _______________________ use _______________________ reproduction which requires 2 distinct gametes called _______________________ and _______________________ 2. body cells of a plant are made by _______________________, while sex cells are made by _______________________ 3. In _______________________, the _______________________ is located inside a pollen grain which will fertilize an egg 4. The female part of a flower that contains ovules or _______________________ is called the ____________________ 5. Pollen is located on the anther or _______________________, which is the male part of a flower. 6. _______________________ occurs when pollen from the _______________________ is deposited on the pistil, which can happen by _______________________, ____________________, and _______________________. 7. Ovules are the same things as _______________________. 8. Ferns and mosses use _______________________ to reproduce and sometimes need _______________________ to carry spores. VIII. Evolution- the theory of gradual change in characteristics over time. A. Early Theorists 1. Lamarck (Inheritance of Acquired Traits, Law of Use and Disuse) a. _______________________- if you don’t use it, you lose it b. Lamarck believed that giraffe’s long necks were a result of being stretched because they were trying to reach tall trees, and the one’s who didn’t stretch died out c. _______________________- was his belief that if a characteristic occurs and is beneficial to an organism’s survival, then it will be passed on; ex. if a toe gets cut off and it’s helpful, then that trait gets passed on to offspring. d. NO fossil evidence to support this theory so it was thrown out 2. Charles Darwin (The Origin of Species, finches, Galapagos Islands, Natural Selection) a. _______________________- only the organisms that are best suited to their environments will survive b. The _______________________ were a cluster of islands that had different food sources. Because of this, the _________________ had different beaks to help eat the food. c. _______________________ was his book that compiled his evidence for evolution B. Types and Rates of Evolution (gradualism, convergent, divergent, punctuated equilibrium) 1. _______________________- related organisms become more distant (finches with different beaks) 2. _______________________- distantly related organisms develop similar characteristics 3. _______________________- organisms evolve as a result of small adaptive changes over time 4. _______________________- short periods of rapid change followed by long periods of little or no change. C. Evidence of Common Ancestry (appendix, younger, older, homologous structures, fish, vestigial organs, common ancestors, rabbits, DNA sequence, gorillas, embryology) 1. Structures such as the alligator leg and human arm that have similar forms and functions are said to be ____________________ 2. The presence of the same number & type of bones in the wing of a bat and the arm and hand of a human suggests that a bat and a human must share _______________________ 3. _______________________- similar amino acid sequences in proteins of horses and humans provides evidence of similar origin, this is the most specific way to compare organisms. 4. The fact that the DNA of humans and that of monkey species are 99% similar suggests that they probably share ____________________. 5. The most specific way to provide evidence of common ancestry is by using _______________________. 6. _______________________- embryos of different organisms (chicken, human, rabbit) look similar at certain early stages, which means the same genes are being expressed at those times. 7. Use the diagram to the right, the embryological development of the stages in the green box (middle row) suggest that ___________________ and _______________________ are more closely related because they look alike. 8. _______________________- is a structure that has no apparent use; the _______________________ in humans may be a remnant of a digestive organ still found in other organisms. 9. According to relative dating of fossils: the deeper under ground the fossil is, the _______________________ it is. IX. Ecology - the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment A. Biomes and Ecosystems (ecological succession, desert, rain forest, deciduous, coniferous, tundra, ocean, grassland, freshwater, climax community, primary succession) 1. Small shrubs and annual plants are represented in the pictures to the right by letter _________________ 2. Fires that destroy climax communities can occur naturally in forests if, for instance, lightning strikes trees or dry foliage. This helps ecosystems by allowing __________________ to start over. This is represented by letter ___________________. 3. Hardwood trees and large plants are associated with a ______________________. This would be letter _____________________. 4. Place the letters (W-Z) from the diagram to the right in order from primary succession to climax community. _______________________ 5. Biomes are typically named for the type of vegetation, so biomes that primarily have varieties of grasses are called _______________________ biomes, but pine trees are usually in a _______________________ biome. 6. Two of the coldest biomes are the _______________________ and taiga. 7. A biome that has a thick canopy of trees and plants is a _______________________. 8. In the _______________________, the amount of precipitation exceeds the amount of evaporation. 9. _______________________ biomes are aquatic and include lakes and rivers. The organisms in these biomes are sensitive to even the smallest environmental changes. 10. _______________________ forests have cone baring trees. 11. The _______________________ has varying salinity and temperature zones. 12. Lions can easily stalk their prey in _______________________ biomes because the vegetation is the same color as their fur, which serves as camouflage. 13. _______________________ biomes have sparse vegetation. The few plants that can survive here have shallow root systems that collect rain water as soon as it falls. 14. _______________________ trees have thin needle-like leaves instead of broad leaves with a lot of surface area. 15. _______________________ trees have broad leaves that change color and fall off in the fall. 16. In VA, most of the trees lose their leaves in the fall. The biome is a _______________________ forest. B. Vocab (consumer, autotrophic, biotic, abiotic, increase, decrease, species, carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, scavengers, decomposers, producer, population, heterotrophic, community, energy, ecosystem, biosphere) 1. A _______________________ is an organism at the beginning of a food chain; produce their own food 2. Organisms, like plants, that can make their own food are _______________________. 3. Organisms that feed off of other organisms are ___________________. 4. A _______________________ is an organism that eats producers or other organisms for energy. 5. A nonliving part of the environment is a(n) _______________________ factor. 6. A living part of the environment is a (n) _______________________ factor. 7. A consumer that eats only producers is called a (n) _______________________. 8. A consumer that eats both plants and animals is called a (n) _______________________. 9. A _______________________ is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 10. Many populations of different organisms living together is a(n) _______________________ 11. A species that lives together and interbreeds is a(n) _______________________ 12. The community of organisms in an area including abiotic factors is a(n) _______________________ 13. The Earth represents a(n) _______________________ 14. _______________________ is transferred through an ecosystem by eating or consuming food. 15. _______________________ eat things that are already dead (ex. vulture) 16. _______________________ break down decaying organisms and nutrients are put back into the soil by bacteria and fungi like mushrooms) 17. [A hunter <---- a fox <---- a rabbit <---- grass or plants] In food webs or food chains, the arrow ALWAYS points to the direction that _______________________ flows. 18. [A hunter <---- a fox <---- a rabbit <---- grass] In this food chain, the rabbit is a _______________________, the fox is a _________________, and the grass is a _______________________ 19. [A hunter <---- a fox <---- a rabbit <---- grass] In this example, the rabbit and fox could not interbreed because they are not in the same _______________________ 20. [A hunter <---- a fox <---- a rabbit <---- grass] In this example, if the rabbit population increased, then the fox population would probably _______________________ C. Relationships (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, symbiosis, predation, water, sunlight, extinction, limiting factors, competition for food, pollution, disease, climate) 1. _______________________- one organism harmed; other benefits 2. _______________________- both organisms benefit 3. _______________________- flea and a cat. 4. _______________________- buffalo and an insect eating bird 5. _______________________- organisms living together 6. When one organism benefits and the other is harmed the relationship is called _______________________. 7. Anemones release poisonous chemicals from their tentacles that paralyze prey. Clown fish are not affected by the poison & find protection from predators by living near anemones. This is called ______________ because the fish don’t harm or benefit the anemone. 8. Things that limit the size of populations are called _________________ 9. On the rain forest floor, a limiting factor for plants would be availability of _______________________ 10. In the desert, a limiting factor for both plants and animals would be availability of _______________________ 11. Hunting is encouraged for deer populations because they live in such close proximity to each other that _______________________ is a limiting factor. 12. Only 3,000 manatee Trichechus manatus are left, and most of them are in the ocean around Florida. Because there is little genetic diversity, a disease that reduces fertility might cause _______________________. BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW PACKET