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Principles of Health Science
Infectious Diseases
Types Of Viruses
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Common cold
Measles
Mumps
Chicken pox
Influenza
Herpes
AIDS
Common Cold
• What is the common cold, and what causes it?
• The common cold is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by
a number of different types of viruses. The common cold is medically
referred to as a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of the
common cold may include cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, runny
nose, and sneezing. More than 200 different types of viruses are known to
cause the common cold, with rhinovirus causing approximately 30%-35%
of all adult colds. Other commonly implicated viruses include coronavirus,
adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus. Because so
many different viruses can cause a cold and because new cold viruses
constantly develop, the body never builds up resistance against all of
them. For this reason, colds are a frequent and recurring problem. In fact,
children in preschool and elementary school can have six to 12 colds per
year while adolescents and adults typically have two to four colds per year.
The common cold occurs most frequently during the fall and winter
months.
Transmission
• How is the common cold transmitted?
• The common cold is spread either by direct contact with
infected secretions from contaminated surfaces or by
inhaling the airborne virus after individuals sneeze or
cough. Person-to-person transmission often occurs when
an individual who has a cold blows or touches their nose
and then touches someone or something else. A healthy
individual who then makes direct contact with these
secretions can subsequently become infected, often after
their contaminated hands make contact with their own
eyes or nose. A cold virus can live on objects such as pens,
books, telephones, computer keyboards, and coffee cups
for several hours and can thus be acquired from contact
with these objects.
Signs and Symptoms
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The cold may begin with a runny nose with clear nasal discharge,
which later may become yellowish or greenish in color. Infants and
children may also become more fussy and have decreased appetite.
• The symptoms of the common cold will typically last anywhere
from four to 14 days, with most individuals improving in one week.
• Does it have anything to do with exposure to cold weather?
• Though the common cold usually occurs in the fall and winter
months, the cold weather itself does not cause the common cold.
Rather, it is thought that during cold-weather months people spend
more time indoors in close proximity to each other, thus facilitating
the spread of the virus. For this same reason, children in day care
and school are particularly prone to acquiring the common cold.
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Measles
• Measles is a very contagious (easily spread) illness
• The infection is spread by contact with droplets from the nose, mouth, or
throat of an infected person. Sneezing and coughing can put contaminated
droplets into the air.
• Those who have had an active measles infection or who have been
vaccinated against the measles have immunity to the disease. Before
widespread vaccination, measles was so common during childhood that
most people became sick with the disease by age 20. The number of
measles cases dropped over the last several decades to almost none in the
U.S. and Canada. However, rates have started to rise again recently.
• Some parents do not let their children get vaccinated because of
unfounded fears that the MMR vaccine, which protects against measles,
mumps, and rubella, can cause autism. Large studies of thousands of
children have found no connection between this vaccine and autism. Not
vaccinating children can lead to outbreaks of a measles, mumps, and
rubella -- all of which are potentially serious diseases of childhood
Measles
Measles
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Symptoms
Symptoms usually begin 8 - 12 days after you are exposed to the virus. This is called the incubation
period.
Symptoms may include:
Bloodshot eyes
Cough
Fever
Light sensitivity (photophobia)
Muscle pain
Rash
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Usually appears 3 - 5 days after the first signs of being sick
May last 4 - 7 days
Usually starts on the head and spreads to other areas, moving down the body
Rash may appear as flat, discolored areas (macules) and solid, red, raised areas (papules) that later join
together
Itchy
Redness and irritation of the eyes (conjunctivitis)
Runny nose
Sore throat
Tiny white spots inside the mouth (Koplik's spots)
Measles
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Treatment
There is no specific treatment for the measles.
The following may relieve symptoms:
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Bed rest
Humidified air
Some children may need vitamin A supplements. Vitamin A
reduces the risk of death and complications in children in
less developed countries, where children may not be
getting enough vitamin A. People who don't get enough
vitamin A are more likely to get infections, including
measles. It is not clear whether children in more developed
countries would benefit from supplements
Mumps
• Mumps is a contagious disease that leads to
painful swelling of the salivary glands. The
salivary glands produce saliva, a liquid that
moistens food and helps you chew and
swallow
Mumps
Mumps
• Causes, incidence, and risk factors
• The mumps are caused by a virus. The virus is spread
from person-to-person by respiratory droplets (for
example, when you sneeze) or by direct contact with
items that have been contaminated with infected
saliva.
• Mumps most commonly occurs in children ages 2 - 12
who have not been vaccinated against the disease.
However, the infection can occur at any age. The time
between being exposed to the virus and getting sick
(incubation period) is usually 12 - 24 days.
Signs and Symptoms
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Symptoms
Face pain
Fever
Headache
Sore throat
Swelling of the parotid glands (the largest salivary glands,
located between the ear and the jaw)
Swelling of the temples or jaw (temporomandibular area)
Other symptoms of this disease that can occur in males:
Testicle lump
Testicle pain
Scrotal swelling
• Treatment
• There is no specific treatment for mumps. Ice or
heat packs applied to the neck area and
acetaminophen (Tylenol) may help relieve pain.
Do not give aspirin to children with a viral illness
because of the risk of Reye syndrome.
• You can also relieve symptoms with:
• Extra fluids
• Soft foods
• Warm salt water gargles
ChickenPox
• Chickenpox is a viral infection in which a
person develops extremely itchy blisters all
over the body. It used to be one of the classic
childhood diseases. However, it has become
much less common since the introduction of
the chickenpox vaccine
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Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, a member of the herpesvirus family. The same
virus also causes herpes zoster (shingles) in adults.
Chickenpox can be spread very easily to others. You may get chickenpox from touching the fluids
from a chickenpox blister, or if someone with the disease coughs or sneezes near you. Even those
with mild illness may be contagious.
A person with chickenpox become contagious 1 to 2 days before their blisters appear. They remain
contagious until all the blisters have crusted over.
Most cases of chickenpox occur in children younger than 10. The disease is usually mild, although
serious complications sometimes occur. Adults and older children usually get sicker than younger
children.
Children whose mothers have had chickenpox or have received the chickenpox vaccine are not very
likely to catch it before they are 1 year old. If they do catch chickenpox, they often have mild cases.
This is because antibodies from their mothers' blood help protect them. Children under 1 year old
whose mothers have not had chickenpox or the vaccine can get severe chickenpox.
Severe chickenpox symptoms are more common in children whose immune system does not work
well because of an illness or medicines such as chemotherapy and steroids.
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Symptoms
Most children with chickenpox have the following symptoms before the rash appears:
Fever
Headache
Stomach ache
The chickenpox rash occurs about 10 to 21 days after coming into contact with someone who had
the disease. The average child develops 250 to 500 small, itchy, fluid-filled blisters over red spots on
the skin.
The blisters are usually first seen on the face, middle of the body, or scalp
After a day or two, the blisters become cloudy and then scab. Meanwhile, new blisters form in
groups. They often appear in the mouth, in the vagina, and on the eyelids.
Children with skin problems such as eczema may get thousands of blisters.
Most pox will not leave scars unless they become infected with bacteria from scratching.
Some children who have had the vaccine will still develop a mild case of chickenpox. They usually
recover much more quickly and have only a few pox (less than 30). These cases are often harder to
diagnose. However, these children can still spread chieckenpox to others.
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Treatment
Treatment involves keeping the person as comfortable as possible. Here are things to try:
Avoid scratching or rubbing the itchy areas. Keep fingernails short to avoid damaging the skin from scratching.
Wear cool, light, loose bedclothes. Avoid wearing rough clothing, particularly wool, over an itchy area.
Take lukewarm baths using little soap and rinse thoroughly. Try a skin-soothing oatmeal or cornstarch bath.
Apply a soothing moisturizer after bathing to soften and cool the skin.
Avoid prolonged exposure to excessive heat and humidity.
Try over-the-counter oral antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), but be aware of possible side effects such as drowsiness.
Try over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream on itchy areas.
Medications that fight the chickenpox virus are available but not given to everyone. To work well, the medicine usually must be started
within the first 24 hours of the rash.
Antiviral medication is not usually prescribe to otherwise healthy children who do not have severe symptoms. Adults and teens, who
are at risk for more severe symptoms, may benefit from antiviral medication if it is given early.
Antiviral medication may be very important in those who have skin conditions (such as eczema or recent sunburn), lung conditions
(such as asthma), or who have recently taken steroids.
Some doctors also give antiviral medicines to people in the same household who also develop chickenpox, because they will usually
develop more severe symptoms.
DO NOT GIVE ASPIRIN OR IBUPROFEN to someone who may have chickenpox. Use of aspirin has been associated with a serious
condition called Reyes syndrome. Ibuprofen has been associated with more severe secondary infections. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may
be used.
A child with chickenpox should not return to school or play with other children until all chickenpox sores have crusted over or dried out.
Adults should follow this same rule when considering when to return to work or be around others.
Influenza
• Influenza, commonly known as "the flu," is a
highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory
tract. It affects all age groups, though kids tend to
get it more often than adults
Signs and Symptoms
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The flu is often confused with the common cold, but flu symptoms usually are more severe than
the typical sneezing and stuffiness of a cold
Symptoms, which usually begin about 2 days after exposure to the virus, can include:
fever
chills
headache
muscle aches
dizziness
loss of appetite
tiredness
cough
sore throat
runny nose
nausea or vomiting
weakness
ear pain
diarrhea
• Duration
• After 5 days, fever and other symptoms have
usually disappeared, but a cough and weakness
may continue.
• All symptoms are usually gone within a week or
two. However, it's important to treat the flu
seriously because it can lead to pneumonia and
other life-threatening complications, particularly
in infants, senior citizens, and people with longterm health problems
• Contagiousness
• The flu is contagious, spread by virusinfected droplets that are coughed or
sneezed into the air. People who are
infected are contagious from a day
before they feel sick until their
symptoms have ended (about 1 week
for adults, but this can be longer for
young kids).
• The flu usually occurs in small
outbreaks, but epidemics — when the
illness spreads rapidly and affects many
people in an area at the same time —
tend to occur every few years.
Epidemics often peak within 2 or 3
weeks after the first cases occur
• Treatment
• Cases of the flu rarely require specific
medical treatment. But some people
with chronic medical conditions (such as
asthma, diabetes, and HIV) or children
under 2 years old might become sicker
with the flu and may have a greater risk
of complications. Some people with the
flu need to be hospitalized
• These at-home tips can help most
otherwise healthy cope with the flu.
Have them:
• drink lots of fluids to prevent
dehydration
• get plenty of sleep and take it easy
• take acetaminophen or ibuprofen to
relieve fever and aches (do not give
aspirin to children or teens as it
may cause a rare but serious illness
called Reye syndrome)
• wear layers, since the flu often
makes them cold one minute and
hot the next (wearing layers — like
a T-shirt, sweatshirt, and robe —
makes it easy to add or subtract
clothes as needed
Herpes Viruses
• A virus is a small infectious agent that can only replicate inside the
cells of another organism. The word is from the Latin ''virus''
referring to poison and other noxious substances, first used in
English in 1392. ''Virulent'', from Latin ''virulentus'' (poisonous),
dates to 1400. A meaning of "agent that causes infectious disease"
is first recorded in 1728, The term ''virion'' is also used to refer to a
single infective viral particle. The plural is "viruses".
• Viruses are too small to be seen directly with a light microscope.
Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to
bacteria and archaea. although there are millions of different types.
Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and these
minute structures are the most abundant type of biological entity.
The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-specialty of
microbiology
Herpes
Herpes
Herpes
• What are the signs and symptoms of genital herpes?
• Most people infected with HSV-2 are not aware of their
infection. However, if signs and symptoms occur during
the first outbreak, they can be quite pronounced. The
first outbreak usually occurs within two weeks after the
virus is transmitted, and the sores typically heal within
two to four weeks. Other signs and symptoms during
the primary episode may include a second crop of
sores, and flu-like symptoms, including fever and
swollen glands. However, most individuals with HSV-2
infection never have sores, or they have very mild signs
that they do not even notice or that they mistake for
insect bites or another skin condition
• Is there a treatment for herpes?
• There is no treatment that can cure herpes,
but antiviral medications can shorten and
prevent outbreaks during the period of time
the person takes the medication. In addition,
daily suppressive therapy for symptomatic
herpes can reduce transmission to partners
Herpes
• Persons with herpes should abstain
from sexual activity with uninfected
partners when lesions or other
symptoms of herpes are present. It is
important to know that even if a
person does not have any symptoms
he or she can still infect sex partners.
Sex partners of infected persons
should be advised that they may
become infected and they should use
condoms to reduce the risk. Sex
partners can seek testing to determine
if they are infected with HSV. A
positive HSV-2 blood test most likely
indicates a genital herpes infection.
AIDS
• HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus.
It kills or damages the body's immune system
cells. AIDS stands for acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. It is the most
advanced stage of infection with HIV
AIDS
• HIV most often spreads through
unprotected sex with an infected
person. It may also spread by sharing
drug needles or through contact with
the blood of an infected person.
Women can give it to their babies
during pregnancy
• The first signs of HIV infection may
be swollen glands and flu-like
symptoms. These may come and go a
month or two after infection. Severe
symptoms may not appear until
months or years later in pregancy or
childbirth
Treatment of AIDS
• There is no cure, but there are many
medicines to fight both HIV infection and the
infections and cancers that come with it.
People can live with the disease for many
years.
Bacteria
Bacteria
• Bacteria are microscopic organisms whose single
cells have neither a membrane-enclosed nucleus
nor other membrane-enclosed organelles like
mitochondria and chloroplasts. Another group of
microbes, the archaea, meet these criteria but
are so different from the bacteria in other ways
that they must have had a long, independent
evolutionary history since close to the dawn of
life. In fact, there is considerable evidence that
you are more closely related to the archaea than
they are to the bacteria
Fungi
• Fungi are plant like organisms such as molds,
yeasts, and mushrooms
Ringworm
• Ringworm is common, especially among
children. However, it may affect people of all
ages. It is caused by a fungus, not a worm like
the name suggests
Athletes Foot
• Athlete's foot is an infection of the feet caused
by fungus. The medical term is tinea pedis.
Athlete's foot may last for a short or long time
and may come back after treatment
Protozoa
• The protozoa are one-celled animals and the
smallest of all animals. Most of them can only
be seen under a microscope. They do breathe,
move, and reproduce like multicelled animals.
They live in water or at least where it is damp.
Animals in this group include the paramecium,
the euglena and the ameba.
• Some protozoans are harmful to man as they
can cause serious diseases. Others are helpful
because they eat harmful bacteria and are food
for fish and other animals
Protozoa
Parasite
• an organism that lives on or in an organism of
another species, known as the host, from the
body of which it obtains nutriment
Types of Parasites
• Ticks
• Mites
• Mosquitoes
Scabies
• Scabies is an easily spread skin disease
caused by a very small scabies is found
worldwide among people of all groups and
ages. It is spread by direct contact with
infected people, and less often by sharing
clothing or bedding.
Scabies
• Scabies is found worldwide among people of all
groups and ages. It is spread by direct contact
with infected people, and less often by sharing
clothing or bedding. Sometimes whole families
are affected.
• The mites that cause scabies burrow into the skin
and deposit their eggs, forming a burrow that
looks like a pencil mark. Eggs mature in 21 days.
The itchy rash is an allergic response to the mite
Scabies
• Symptoms
• Itching, especially at night
• Rashes, especially between the fingers
• Treatment
• Prescription medicated creams are commonly used to treat scabies infections.
The most commonly used cream is permethrin 5%. Other creams include
benzyl benzoate, sulfur in petrolatum, and crotamiton. Lindane is rarely used
because of its side effects.
• Creams are applied all over the body. The whole family or sexual partners of
infected people should be treated, even if they do not have symptoms. Creams
are applied as a one-time treatment or they may be repeated in 1 week.
• Wash underwear, towels, and sleepwear in hot water. Vacuum the carpets and
upholstered furniture.
• For difficult cases, some health care providers may also prescribe medication
taken by mouth to kill the scabies mites. Ivermectin is a pill that may be used.
• Itching may continue for 2 weeks or more after treatment begins, but it will
disappear if you follow your health care provider's treatment plan. You can
reduce itching with cool soaks and calamine lotion. Your doctor may also
recommend an oral antihistamine
The Chain Of Infection
• Links of the Chain
• There are six links in the Chain of Infection.
Each link must be intact in order for a disease
to be transmitted and infect another person.
The links of the chain include Infectious Agent,
Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode of
Transmission, Portal of Entry, and
Susceptibility. The infectious disease process
can be broken at any one of these links.
Immunizations
• Shots may hurt a little... but the diseases they can prevent can hurt a lot
more! Immunization shots, or vaccinations, are essential. They protect
against things like measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis B, polio, diphtheria,
tetanus and pertussis (whooping cough). Immunizations are important for
adults as well as for children. Here's why.
• Your immune system helps your body fight germs by producing substances
to combat them. Once it does, the immune system "remembers" the germ
and can fight it again. Vaccines contain germs that have been killed or
weakened. When given to a healthy person, the vaccine triggers the
immune system to respond and thus build immunity.
• Before vaccines, people became immune only by actually getting a disease
and surviving it. Immunizations are an easier and less risky way to become
immune.
Stages of Disease
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Infection
Incubation Stage
Prodromal Stage
Clinical or Illness Stage
Recovery Stage
Infection
• This first stage begins when a host becomes
infected with a pathogenic organism.
• The organism enters the body and begins to
grow and multiply
Incubation Stage
• this is the stage where the bacteria affects the
body but your are not sick yet
• At the end of this stage the person is highly
contagious
Prodromal Stage
• early stage or symptoms of disease before
characteristic symptoms appear.
Clinical or Illness Stage
• The stage where symptoms appear
• Example: when a person has a cold, this is the
stage where they start sneezing and nose
starts running
Salmonella
• What is salmonellosis?
• Salmonellosis is a type of food poisoning
caused by the Salmonella bacterium. There
are many different kinds of these bacteria.
Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and
Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are the most
common types in the United States
Salmonella
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What causes salmonellosis?
You can get salmonellosis by eating food contaminated with salmonella. This can
happen in the following ways:
Food may be contaminated during food processing or food handling.
Food may become contaminated by the unwashed hands of an infected food
handler. A frequent cause is a food handler who does not wash his or her hands
with soap after using the bathroom.
Salmonella may also be found in the feces of some pets, especially those with
diarrhea. You can become infected if you do not wash your hands after contact
with these feces.
Reptiles, baby chicks and ducklings, and small rodents such as hamsters are
particularly likely to carry Salmonella. You should always wash your hands
immediately after handling one of these animals, even if the animal is healthy.
Adults should also be careful that children wash their hands after handling
reptiles, pet turtles, baby chicks or ducklings, or small rodents.
Beef, poultry, milk, and eggs are most often infected with salmonella. But
vegetables may also be contaminated. Contaminated foods usually look and smell
normal.
Symptoms of Salmonella
• What are the symptoms?
• Symptoms of salmonellosis include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal
cramps. They develop 12 to 72 hours after infection, and the illness
usually lasts 4 to 7 days. Most people recover without treatment.
But diarrhea and dehydration
• dehydration may be so severe that it is necessary to go to the
hospital. Older adults, infants, and those who have impaired
immune systems are at highest risk.
• If you only have diarrhea, you usually recover completely, although
it may be several months before your bowel habits are entirely
normal. A small number of people who are infected with
salmonellosis develop Reiter's syndrome, a disease that can last for
months or years and can lead to chronic arthritis.
Mononucleosis
• What is mononucleosis?
• Mononucleosis, also called "mono," is a
common viral illness that can leave you feeling
tired and weak for weeks or months. Mono
goes away on its own, but lots of rest and
good self-care can help you feel better.
Causes of Mono
• What causes mono?
• Mono is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It is most often seen in
adolescents and young adults. Children can get the virus, but it often goes
unnoticed because their symptoms are mild. Older adults usually do not
get mono, because they have immunity to the virus.
• Mono can be spread through contact with saliva, mucus from the nose
and throat, and sometimes tears. Because the virus can be spread through
kissing, it has earned the nickname the "kissing disease." If you have
mono, you can avoid passing the virus to others by not kissing anyone and
by not sharing things like drinking glasses, eating utensils, or
toothbrushes.
• As soon as you get over mono, your symptoms will go away for good, but
you will always carry the virus that caused it. The virus may become active
from time to time without causing any symptoms. When the virus is
active, it can be spread to others.
Symptoms of Mono
• What are the symptoms?
• The most common symptoms of mono are a high
fever, a severe sore throat, swollen glands and
tonsils, and weakness and fatigue. Symptoms
usually start 4 to 6 weeks after you are exposed
to the virus.
• Mono can cause the spleen to swell. Severe pain
in the upper left part of your belly may mean that
your spleen has burst. This is an emergency.
Mononucleosis
Treatment
• How is it treated?
• Usually only self-care is needed for mono.
• Get plenty of rest. You may need bed rest, which could
keep you away from school or work for a little while.
• Gargle with salt water or use throat lozenges to soothe
your sore throat.
• Take acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) or ibuprofen
(such as Advil) to reduce fever and relieve a sore throat
and headaches.
• Avoid contact sports and heavy lifting. Your spleen may
be enlarged, and impact or straining could cause it to
burst
Conjunctivitis
• Conjunctivitis is swelling (inflammation) or
infection of the membrane lining the eyelids
Conjunctivitis
• Causes, incidence, and risk factors
• The conjunctiva is exposed to bacteria and other irritants. Tears
help protect the conjunctiva by washing away bacteria. Tears also
contain enzymes and antibodies that kill bacteria.
• There are many causes of conjunctivitis. Viruses are the most
common cause. Other causes include:
• Allergies (allergic conjunctivitis)
• Bacteria
• Certain diseases
• Chemical exposure
• Chlamydia
• Fungi
• Parasites (rarely)
• Use of contact lenses (especially extended-wear lenses
Symptoms
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Symptoms
Blurred vision
Crusts that form on the eyelid overnight
Eye pain
Gritty feeling in the eyes
Increased tearing
Itching of the eye
Redness in the eyes
Sensitivity to light
Treatment
• Treatment
• Treatment of conjunctivitis depends on the cause.
• Allergic conjunctivitis may respond to allergy treatment. It
may disappear on its own when the allergen that caused it
is removed. Cool compresses may help soothe allergic
conjunctivitis.
• Antibiotic medication, usually eye drops, is effective for
bacterial conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis will disappear on
its own. Many doctors give a mild antibiotic eyedrop for
pink eye to prevent bacterial conjunctivitis.
• You can soothe the discomfort of viral or bacterial
conjunctivitis by applying warm compresses (clean cloths
soaked in warm water) to your closed eyes
Strep Throat
• Strep throat is caused by Group A
Streptococcus bacteria. It is the most common
bacterial infection of the throat
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Strep throat is most common in children between age 5 and 15,
although anyone can get it.
Strep throat is spread by person-to-person contact with nasal
secretions or saliva. It commonly spreads among family or
household members
Symptoms of Strep Throat
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Symptoms
Symptoms may be mild or severe. You usually start to feel sick about 2 to 5 days
after you come in contact with the bacteria.
Symptoms usually begin suddenly, and can include:
Fever that begins suddenly and is often highest on the second day
Red throat, sometimes with white patches
Sore throat
Headache
Nausea
Chills
General ill feeling
Loss of appetite and abnormal taste
Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
Difficulty swallowing
Some strains of strep throat can lead to a scarlet fever-like rash. This rash is
thought to be an allergic reaction to toxins made by the strep bacteria
Treatment for Strep
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Treatment
Most sore throats are caused by viruses, not strep-related bacteria. Strep cannot be accurately
diagnosed by symptoms or a physical exam alone. Many of the other causes of sore throats may
have the same symptoms.
Sore throats should only be treated with antibiotics if the strep test is positive. Antibiotics are taken
to prevent rare but more serious health problems, such as rheumatic fever.
Penicillin or amoxicillin is usually first tried. Antibiotics should be taken for 10 days, even though
symptoms are usually gone after few days.
The following tips may help your sore throat feel better:
Drink warm liquids such as lemon tea or tea with honey.
Gargle several times a day with warm salt water (1/2 tsp of salt in 1 cup water).
Drink cold liquids or suck on popsicles.
Suck on hard candies or throat lozenges. Young children should not be given such products because
they can choke on them.
A cool-mist vaporizer or humidifier can moisten and soothe a dry and painful throat.
Try over-the-counter pain medications, such tylenol
Strep Throat
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
• Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that
involves the lungs, but may spread to other organs
• Causes, incidence, and risk factors
• Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). You can get TB by
breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected
person. This is called primary TB.
• In the United States, most people will recover from primary TB
infection without further evidence of the disease. The infection may
stay asleep or inactive (dormant) for years. However, in some
people it can reactivate.
• Most people who develop symptoms of a TB infection first became
infected in the past. However, in some cases, the disease may
become active within weeks after the primary infection
Symptoms of TB
• Symptoms
• The primary stage of TB usually doesn't cause symptoms. When
symptoms of pulmonary TB occur, they may include:
• Cough (usually cough up mucus)
• Coughing up blood
• Excessive sweating, especially at night
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Unintentional weight loss
• Other symptoms that may occur with this disease:
• Breathing difficulty
• Chest pain
• Wheezing
Treatment of TB
• Tuberculin skin test
• Treatment
• The goal of treatment is to cure the infection with drugs
that fight the TB bacteria. Treatment of active pulmonary
TB will always involve a combination of many drugs (usually
four drugs). All of the drugs are continued until lab tests
show which medicines work best.
• The most commonly used drugs include:
• Isoniazid
• Rifampin
• Pyrazinamide
• Ethambutol
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, venereal
diseases) are among the most common infectious
diseases in the United States today. STDs are
sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted
infections, since these conditions involve the
transmission of an infectious organism between
sex partners. More than 20 different STDs have
been identified, and about 19 million men and
women are infected each year in the United
States, according to the CDC (2010).
STD’S
•
STDs affect men and women of all ages and backgrounds, including children. Many
states require that Child Protective Services be notified if children are diagnosed
with an STD.
•
STDs have become more common in recent years, partly because people are
becoming sexually active at a younger age, are having multiple partners, and do
not use preventive methods to lessen their chance of acquiring an STD.
•
People can pass STDs to sexual partners even if they themselves do not have any
symptoms.
•
Frequently, STDs can be present but cause no symptoms, especially in women (for
example, chlamydia, genital herpes or gonorrhea). This can also occur in some
men.
Chlamydia
• Chlamydia is a bacterial infection disease transmitted when
people have sexual relations. It is the most common
sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States,
with over 2.8 million affected individuals each year. Among
adults, about 5% of the population is estimated to be
infected. Among sexually active adolescent females, about
10% are infected.
• Infection with chlamydia is most commonly found among
the following groups:
• Young adults (24 years and younger)
• People living in urban areas
• African Americans
• Those with lower social and economic status
Causes of Chlamydia
• Chlamydia Causes
• Chlamydia is an infection caused by the
bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The infection
is transmitted in 2 ways:
• From one person to another through sexual
contact (oral, anal, or vaginal).
• From mother to child with passage of the child
through the birth canal. Chlamydia can cause
pneumonia or serious eye infections in a
newborn, especially among children born to
infected mothers in developing countries
• Chlamydia Symptoms in Women
• No symptoms in 70% to 80% of cases (One study found that 3% of a
sample of young adults 18 to 35 years of age had untreated
chlamydia.)
• Bleeding after sexual relations or between menstrual periods
• Lower abdominal pain and burning pain during urination
• Discharge from the vagina
• Chlamydia Symptoms in Men
• Like women, men who are infected may not show symptoms.
Estimates of those with no symptoms range from 25% to 50% of
infected men.
• Discharge from the penis
• Pain, burning during urination
• Inflammation or infection of a duct in the testicles, tenderness or
pain in the testicles
• Chlamydia Treatment
• Chlamydia Medications
• The health care practitioner may prescribe a
single-dose antibiotic, such as azithromycin
(Zithromax), taken as a pill. On the other hand,
the doctor may choose an antibiotic, such as
doxycycline (Atridox, Bio-Tab), to be taken as a pill
twice a day for a week. Up to 95% of people will
be cured after one course of antibiotics
AIDS
• What is the history of HIV, and when was HIV discovered?
• The history of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dates back to 1981, when homosexual
men with symptoms of a disease that now are considered typical of AIDS
were first described in Los Angeles and New York. The men had an unusual
type of lung infection (pneumonia) called Pneumocystis carinii (now
known as Pneumocystis jiroveci) pneumonia (PCP) and rare skin tumors
called Kaposi's sarcomas. The patients were noted to have a severe
reduction in a type of cell in the blood (CD4 cells) that is an important part
of the immune system. These cells, often referred to as T cells, help the
body fight infections. Shortly thereafter, this disease was recognized
throughout the United States, Western Europe, and Africa. In 1983,
researchers in the United States and France described the virus that
causes AIDS, now known as HIV, belonging to the group of viruses called
retroviruses. While HIV infection is required to develop AIDS, the actual
definition of AIDS is the development of a low CD4 cell count (<200
cells/mm3) or any one of a long list of complications of HIV infection
ranging from a variety of so-called "opportunistic infections," cancers,
neurologic symptoms, and wasting syndromes.
AIDS
• How is HIV spread (transmitted)?
• HIV is present to variable degrees in the blood and genital
secretions of virtually all individuals infected with HIV, regardless of
whether or not they have symptoms. The spread of HIV can occur
when these secretions come in contact with tissues such as those
lining the vagina, anal area, mouth, eyes (the mucus membranes),
or with a break in the skin, such as from a cut or puncture by a
needle. The most common ways in which HIV is spreading
throughout the world include sexual contact, sharing needles, and
by transmission from infected mothers to their newborns during
pregnancy, labor (the delivery process), or breastfeeding. (See the
section below on treatment during pregnancy for a discussion on
reducing the risk of transmission to the newborn.)
• Sexual transmission of HIV has been described from men to men, men to
women, women to men, and women to women through vaginal, anal, and
oral sex. The best way to avoid sexual transmission is abstinence from sex
until it is certain that both partners in a monogamous relationship are not
HIV-infected. Because the HIV antibody test can take months to turn
positive after infection occurs, both partners would need to test negative
for at least 12 and up to 24 weeks after their last potential exposure to
HIV. If abstinence is out of the question, the next best method is the use of
latex barriers. This involves placing a condom on the penis as soon as an
erection is achieved in order to avoid exposure to pre-ejaculatory and
ejaculatory fluids that contain infectious HIV. For oral sex, condoms should
be used for fellatio (oral contact with the penis) and latex barriers (dental
dams) for cunnilingus (oral contact with the vaginal area). A dental dam is
any piece of latex that prevents vaginal secretions from coming in direct
contact with the mouth. Although such dams occasionally can be
purchased, they are most often created by cutting a square piece of latex
from a condom
• The spread of HIV by exposure to infected blood usually
results from sharing needles, as in those used for illicit
drugs. HIV also can be spread by sharing needles for
anabolic steroids to increase muscle, tattooing, and body
piercing. To prevent the spread of HIV, as well as other
diseases including hepatitis, needles should never be
shared. At the beginning of the HIV epidemic, many
individuals acquired HIV infection from blood transfusions
or blood products, such as those used for hemophiliacs.
Currently, however, because blood is tested for both
antibodies to HIV and the actual virus before transfusion,
the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion in the
United States is extremely small and is considered
insignificant.
• There is little evidence that HIV can be transferred by
casual exposure, as might occur in a household setting. For
example, unless there are open sores or blood in the
mouth, kissing is generally considered not to be a risk
factor for transmitting HIV. This is because saliva, in
contrast to genital secretions, has been shown to contain
very little HIV. Still, theoretical risks are associated with the
sharing of toothbrushes and shaving razors because they
can cause bleeding, and blood can contain large amounts of
HIV. Consequently, these items should not be shared with
infected people. Similarly, without sexual exposure or direct
contact with blood, there is little if any risk of HIV contagion
in the workplace or classroom.
Symptoms of AIDS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The symptoms of HIV and AIDS vary, depending on the phase of infection.
Primary infection
The majority people infected by HIV develop a flu-like illness within a month or
two after the virus enters the body. This illness, known as primary or acute HIV
infection, may last for a few weeks. Possible symptoms include:
Fever
Muscle soreness
Rash
Headache
Sore throat
Mouth or genital ulcers
Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck
Joint pain
Night sweats
Diarrhea
Prevention
• To help prevent the spread of HIV, you should:
• Use a new condom every time you have sex. If
you don't know the HIV status of your partner,
use a new condom every time you have anal or
vaginal sex. Women can use a female condom.
Use only water-based lubricants. Oil-based
lubricants can weaken condoms and cause them
to break. During oral sex use a condom, dental
dam &madsh; a piece of medical-grade latex —
or plastic wrap
Prevention
• Use a clean needle. If you use a needle to
inject drugs, make sure it's sterile and don't
share it. Take advantage of needle-exchange
programs in your community and consider
seeking help for your drug use.
• Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV. It's
important to tell anyone with whom you've
had sex that you're HIV-positive. Your partners
need to be tested and to receive medical care
if they have the virus. They also need to know
their HIV status so that they don't infect
others
• you're pregnant, get medical care right away.
If you're HIV-positive, you may pass the
infection to your baby. But if you receive
treatment during pregnancy, you can cut your
baby's risk by as much as two-thirds
Treatment of AIDS
• There is no cure for HIV/AIDS, but a variety of
drugs can be used in combination to control
the virus. Each of the classes of anti-HIV drugs
blocks the virus in different ways. It's best to
combine at least three drugs from two
different classes to avoid creating strains of
HIV that are immune to single drugs.
Bioterrorism
• livestock, or crops. The use of micro-organisms to
cause disease is a growing concern for public health
officials and agricultural bodies. The terrorist attacks
on September 11, 2001 and the subsequent bioterrorist releases of anthrax have led to an increased
awareness of workplaces as possible terrorist targets.
• Anthrax
Inhalation
Skin contact
Oral Consumption
• Smallpox
Anthrax Inhalation
• Most serious form of anthrax causes death in
99% of the cases.
Anthrax Skin
• Causes infection when it comes in contact
with skin. Blisters break and turn into black
scabs
Anthrax Oral Consumption
• The least common method of spreading
anthrax to humans.
Smallpox
• Smallpox is a serious and contagious disease due to a
virus
• Smallpox was once found throughout the world,
causing illness and death wherever it occurred. It
mainly affected children and young adults. Family
members often infected each other.
• Smallpox spreads easily from one person to another
from saliva droplets. It may also be spread from bed
sheets and clothing. It is most contagious during the
first week of the infection. It may continue to be
contagious until the scabs from the rash fall off
Symptoms of Smallpox
• Symptoms
• Symptoms usually occur about 12 - 14 days after you have been
infected with the virus. They may include:
• Backache
• Delirium
• Diarrhea
• Excessive bleeding
• Fatigue
• High fever
• Malaise
• Raised pink rash -- turns into sores that become crusty on day 8 or 9
• Severe headache
• Vomiting
Treatment of Smallpox
• Treatment
• If athe smallpox vaccine is given within 1-4 days after a person is exposed
to the disease, it may prevent illness or make the illness less severe. Once
symptoms have started, treatment is limited.
• There is no drug specifically for treating smallpox. Sometimes antibiotics
are given for infections that may occur in people who have smallpox.
Taking antibodies against a disease similar to smallpox (vaccinia immune
globulin) may help shorten the duration of the disease.
• People who have been diagnosed with smallpox and everyone they have
come into close contact with need to be isolated immediately. They need
to receive the vaccine and be monitored.
• Emergency measures would need to be taken immediately to protect the
general population. Health officials would follow the recommended
guidelines from the CDC and other federal and local health agencies