Download PART 1: Chapters 1

PART 1: Chapters 1- 7
Due: WEDNESDAY JUNE 10
Chapter 1: The World of Life Science
1. What is a life scientist? Describe what they do?
 Studies living things by asking questions and classifying them.
2. What are the steps of the scientific method? Explain each of them.
 State the Problem
o A problem is identified to solve
 Gather the Information
o Collect information from sources such as the library,
textbooks about the problem that you are trying to solve
 Form a Hypothesis
o An educated guess or a suggested solution or answer to
the problem
 Experiment
o Series of steps to test the hypothesis
o Uses “controlled” conditions
 Record and Analyze Data
o Review data collected during experiment.
o Does it make sense?
 Conclusion
o Summarize the purpose of the experiment and the findings
o What have you learned through the activity?
3. Explain what a controlled experiment is?
 Variables
o Factors that change throughout the experiment
o Can be MANY variables, the more the better
 Constants
o Factors that remain the same throughout the experiment
o ONLY one
4. List and describe the four type of microscopes. What types of specimens do
you look at with them?
 Simple- has one lens
 Compound light-has two or more lenses to magnify small objects
so they can easily be seen with the naked eye, magnifies 400 x
 Stereomicroscope-uses two eyes to view specimen, dissecting
microscope, magnifies 30 x
 Electron Microscope-electrons bounce off the surface of
specimen
o Transmission Electron Microscope- beams of electrons
bounce off of the specimen and create an image on a
computer screen. Magnifies
o Scanning Electron Microscope5. What is difference between metric and English measurement.
 English system is random, non=-sequential numbers for different
types of measurement. No consistency.
a. Know how to measure metrics
b. The significance of the metric system- metrics counts up by tens and
you simply move the decimal
Chapter 2: It’s Alive!! Or Is It?
1. List the 6 characteristics of living things. Explain what is special to each of
them.
 Have cells
The smallest unit that can perform all of life’s processes
 Sense and respond to change
Stimulus- Anything that an organism responds to or causes
change
Response- The reaction from the organism because of the
stimulus
 Reproduce
Pass on their genetic traits to their offspring
 Have DNA
Passing of genetic traits
 Use energy
Animal metabolism- all of the chemical processes that happen
in the body
 Grown and Develop
Grow- increase in size
Development- change in form as the organism grows
2. What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing
environment
Example: body temp and human muscles
3. The difference between asexual and sexual reproduction
 Sexual reproduction: 2 parents produce a variation. Both parents
contribute to genetics
 Asesxual reproduction: 1 parent. Genetically identical offspring
compared to parent
4. List the 4 necessities of life
 Minerals, energy, oxygen, water
Chapter 3: Cells: The Basic Units of Life
1. Explain the three parts of the cell theory
 All organisms are made of one or more cells
 Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living
organisms
 All cells come from cells that preexist
2. Name the 5 scientists that contributed to the cell theory. List their
contribution to the cell theory.
 Robert Hooke- made a simple microscope, looked at cork cells
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- looked at pond scum, blood cells,
protists, and yeast under his simple microscope
 Matthias Schleiden- realized that all plants are made of cells
 Theodor Schwann- realized that all animals are made of cells
 Rudoulph Virchow- hypothesized that cells divide to make new
ones
3. What is some major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells?
 Prokaryotic cells- no membrane bound organelles, lacks an
organized nucleus, less organelles, smaller
 Eukaryotic- membrane bound organelles, nucleus, more
organelles, more complex
4. What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?
 Unicellular- single cell
 Multicellular- more than one cell
5. Name 4 differences between the animal and plant cell. You can make a
T-Chart
 Animal cell- less organelles, flagella, circular
 Plant cell- more organelles, cell wall, chloroplasts, square, goes
through photosynthesis, vacuole
6. List the function of the following cell parts
a. Cell membrane – outermost part of ALL cells, acts as a door
allowing things in and out of the cell
b. Cell wall- found only in plant and prokaryotic cells. Helps give
plants a sturdy shape, made of cellulous
c. Nucleus- acts as the “brain” of the cell, controls cell activities.
d. Mitochondria- “mighty” , powerhouse of the cell, where cellular
respiration happens ( sugars are broken down to release energy)
e. Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place
f. Lysosome- “cleans” and digest old and worn out cell parts.
g. Ribosome- makes proteins. Parts of DNA are fed through the
ribosome and then that part of DNA codes for a protein
h. Chloroplast- found only in plant cells, where photosynthesis
happens.
7. Describe how living organisms are arranged starting with cells.
 Cells tissue organs organ systems  organisms
Chapter 4: The Cell In Action (The Cell Cycle)
1. Explain the life cycle of a cell (I, M, C)
a. Interphase- organelles and chromosomes copy here
b. Mitosis- where chromosomes are preparing to copy.
c. Cytokinesis- where the cell splits to create two new identical
cells.
2. What are the steps of mitosis? (PMAT)
 Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
3. Draw a picture of each step of mitosis
a. List what is happening in each step
Chapter 5: Heredity
1. Who is the “Father of genetics”- Why?
 Gregor Mendel- Made important discoveries regarding genetics
 Studied pea plants
2. What is the difference between self-pollinating and cross-pollinating?
 Self-pollinating -A plant that pollinates itself. Has male and
female reproductive parts
 Cross pollinating- Needs to be pollinated by birds, bees, wind
3. Describe Mendal’s experiments ( 1st and 2nd generation)
 cross pollinated a true breeding purple (PP) with a true breeding
white (pp) and got all purple flowers. Learned that the white trait
was hidden by the purple, therefore was recessive.
 Mendel 2nd experiment- self-pollinated one flower with itself
from the first generation (PpxPp), For every 3 purple flowers
there was one white. Recessive traits show up in the second
generation
4. What are genes?
 set of instructions for an inherited trait, determines the trait
5. What is an allele?
 Alternative forms of a gene that govern a characteristic- Pp, Pallele from mom and p-allele from dad. Both of these alleles will
be a different form of a gene
6. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
 Genotype- the genetic makeup of an organism (Pp)
 Phenotype- the physical appearance of an organism ( purple
flowers)
7. What is a punnett square used for?
 a diagram used to figure out that probability of getting specific
genetic traits
8. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
 Homozygous- two of the same alleles either homozygous
dominant (PP) or homozygous recessive (pp)
 Heterozygous- Two different size alleles (Pp)
9. What is the difference between dominant and recessive?
 Dominant- two big alleles, more common
 Recessive- two small alleles, less likely to show up until both
parents carry a recessive allele
10. What is probability?
 the likelihood chance) that a possible event will occur
11. Describe incomplete dominance
 When there is no dominant trait and alleles blend together (R=red
and r =white, but Rr= pink)
12. How do sex-linked disorders happen?
a. Give an example of a sex-linked disorder
 are carried on the X- chromosome and can only be passed from a
mother to her daughter or son, or a male to his daughter. All of
the X’s need to be infected.
 Recall: XX=female and XY= male Example- colorblindness
13. What is heredity?
 The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring
14. What is a pedigree used for?
 A diagram used to trace disorders through generations of a
family
Chapter 6: Genes and DNA
1. What is DNA? What does it stand for?
 deoxyribonucleuic acid, double helix- genetic blueprint that
contains all of the information that determines who you are.
2. What is the special shape of DNA?
 double helix, twisted ladder
a. What four scientists helped contribute to what we know about
DNA today?
 Erwin Chargoff- realized that the amount of Adenine always
equals the amount of Thymine and the amount of Cytosine
always equals the amount of Guanine.
 Roseland Franklin- used X-ray diffraction to determine the DNA
has a spiral shape
 Watson and Crick- created a double helix model of DNA
3. What are the “handrails” or sides of DNA made out of?
 alternative sugar and phosphates
4. What are the “steps” or rungs of DNA made out of?
 nitrogenous bases A,T,C, G
5. Name the 4 nitrogenous bases. How do they pair up?
 Adenine & Thymine and Cytosine & Guanine
6. What is a mutation? What caused it to does it happen?
 when the order of the bases is changed. Can happen by a random
error when DNA is copied, by radiation, too much exposure to
sunlight or smoke.
Chapter 7: The Evolution of Living Things
1. What is evolution?
 the change in hereditary features of an organisms gradually over
time
2. Explain what an adaptation is? Give two examples
 a characteristics that improves an individual’s ability to survive
and reproduce in a particular environment. Ex. Long neck,
camouflage
3. What is natural selection?
 organisms with traits best suited are more likely to survive. These
organisms will produce more offspring and therefore pass on
their dominant their traits.
4. What does it mean to say “survival of the fittest”
 The fittest are those whose adaptations match their environment.;
their offspring inherit these traits and thus are more likely to
survive
5. Briefly explain Darwin’s contribution to science.
 Darwin was a naturalist. Darwin’s theory of evolution is still
accepted today. Realize that the most favorable/dominant trait
will be passed on to the next generation. Formulate the theory of
natural selection and survival of the fittest through generations.
Realized why there is a great variation among organisms, that
differences, in genes create variation, and the organisms inherit
traits.
6. What is a variation? How does variation in a population happen?
 The appearance of an inherited trait that makes an individual
different from other members of the same species.
7. What evidence did Darwin collect?
 Fossils, plants, and animals
 Studied finches and observed characteristics of organisms
8. What evidence supports the theory of evolution?
 Homologous animal parts
 Natural selection
 Fossils
 Survival of the fittest
 Adaptation/variation