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PART 1: Chapters 1- 7 Due: WEDNESDAY JUNE 10 Chapter 1: The World of Life Science 1. What is a life scientist? Describe what they do? Studies living things by asking questions and classifying them. 2. What are the steps of the scientific method? Explain each of them. State the Problem o A problem is identified to solve Gather the Information o Collect information from sources such as the library, textbooks about the problem that you are trying to solve Form a Hypothesis o An educated guess or a suggested solution or answer to the problem Experiment o Series of steps to test the hypothesis o Uses “controlled” conditions Record and Analyze Data o Review data collected during experiment. o Does it make sense? Conclusion o Summarize the purpose of the experiment and the findings o What have you learned through the activity? 3. Explain what a controlled experiment is? Variables o Factors that change throughout the experiment o Can be MANY variables, the more the better Constants o Factors that remain the same throughout the experiment o ONLY one 4. List and describe the four type of microscopes. What types of specimens do you look at with them? Simple- has one lens Compound light-has two or more lenses to magnify small objects so they can easily be seen with the naked eye, magnifies 400 x Stereomicroscope-uses two eyes to view specimen, dissecting microscope, magnifies 30 x Electron Microscope-electrons bounce off the surface of specimen o Transmission Electron Microscope- beams of electrons bounce off of the specimen and create an image on a computer screen. Magnifies o Scanning Electron Microscope5. What is difference between metric and English measurement. English system is random, non=-sequential numbers for different types of measurement. No consistency. a. Know how to measure metrics b. The significance of the metric system- metrics counts up by tens and you simply move the decimal Chapter 2: It’s Alive!! Or Is It? 1. List the 6 characteristics of living things. Explain what is special to each of them. Have cells The smallest unit that can perform all of life’s processes Sense and respond to change Stimulus- Anything that an organism responds to or causes change Response- The reaction from the organism because of the stimulus Reproduce Pass on their genetic traits to their offspring Have DNA Passing of genetic traits Use energy Animal metabolism- all of the chemical processes that happen in the body Grown and Develop Grow- increase in size Development- change in form as the organism grows 2. What is homeostasis? The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment Example: body temp and human muscles 3. The difference between asexual and sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction: 2 parents produce a variation. Both parents contribute to genetics Asesxual reproduction: 1 parent. Genetically identical offspring compared to parent 4. List the 4 necessities of life Minerals, energy, oxygen, water Chapter 3: Cells: The Basic Units of Life 1. Explain the three parts of the cell theory All organisms are made of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms All cells come from cells that preexist 2. Name the 5 scientists that contributed to the cell theory. List their contribution to the cell theory. Robert Hooke- made a simple microscope, looked at cork cells Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- looked at pond scum, blood cells, protists, and yeast under his simple microscope Matthias Schleiden- realized that all plants are made of cells Theodor Schwann- realized that all animals are made of cells Rudoulph Virchow- hypothesized that cells divide to make new ones 3. What is some major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells- no membrane bound organelles, lacks an organized nucleus, less organelles, smaller Eukaryotic- membrane bound organelles, nucleus, more organelles, more complex 4. What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular? Unicellular- single cell Multicellular- more than one cell 5. Name 4 differences between the animal and plant cell. You can make a T-Chart Animal cell- less organelles, flagella, circular Plant cell- more organelles, cell wall, chloroplasts, square, goes through photosynthesis, vacuole 6. List the function of the following cell parts a. Cell membrane – outermost part of ALL cells, acts as a door allowing things in and out of the cell b. Cell wall- found only in plant and prokaryotic cells. Helps give plants a sturdy shape, made of cellulous c. Nucleus- acts as the “brain” of the cell, controls cell activities. d. Mitochondria- “mighty” , powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration happens ( sugars are broken down to release energy) e. Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place f. Lysosome- “cleans” and digest old and worn out cell parts. g. Ribosome- makes proteins. Parts of DNA are fed through the ribosome and then that part of DNA codes for a protein h. Chloroplast- found only in plant cells, where photosynthesis happens. 7. Describe how living organisms are arranged starting with cells. Cells tissue organs organ systems organisms Chapter 4: The Cell In Action (The Cell Cycle) 1. Explain the life cycle of a cell (I, M, C) a. Interphase- organelles and chromosomes copy here b. Mitosis- where chromosomes are preparing to copy. c. Cytokinesis- where the cell splits to create two new identical cells. 2. What are the steps of mitosis? (PMAT) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase 3. Draw a picture of each step of mitosis a. List what is happening in each step Chapter 5: Heredity 1. Who is the “Father of genetics”- Why? Gregor Mendel- Made important discoveries regarding genetics Studied pea plants 2. What is the difference between self-pollinating and cross-pollinating? Self-pollinating -A plant that pollinates itself. Has male and female reproductive parts Cross pollinating- Needs to be pollinated by birds, bees, wind 3. Describe Mendal’s experiments ( 1st and 2nd generation) cross pollinated a true breeding purple (PP) with a true breeding white (pp) and got all purple flowers. Learned that the white trait was hidden by the purple, therefore was recessive. Mendel 2nd experiment- self-pollinated one flower with itself from the first generation (PpxPp), For every 3 purple flowers there was one white. Recessive traits show up in the second generation 4. What are genes? set of instructions for an inherited trait, determines the trait 5. What is an allele? Alternative forms of a gene that govern a characteristic- Pp, Pallele from mom and p-allele from dad. Both of these alleles will be a different form of a gene 6. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? Genotype- the genetic makeup of an organism (Pp) Phenotype- the physical appearance of an organism ( purple flowers) 7. What is a punnett square used for? a diagram used to figure out that probability of getting specific genetic traits 8. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? Homozygous- two of the same alleles either homozygous dominant (PP) or homozygous recessive (pp) Heterozygous- Two different size alleles (Pp) 9. What is the difference between dominant and recessive? Dominant- two big alleles, more common Recessive- two small alleles, less likely to show up until both parents carry a recessive allele 10. What is probability? the likelihood chance) that a possible event will occur 11. Describe incomplete dominance When there is no dominant trait and alleles blend together (R=red and r =white, but Rr= pink) 12. How do sex-linked disorders happen? a. Give an example of a sex-linked disorder are carried on the X- chromosome and can only be passed from a mother to her daughter or son, or a male to his daughter. All of the X’s need to be infected. Recall: XX=female and XY= male Example- colorblindness 13. What is heredity? The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring 14. What is a pedigree used for? A diagram used to trace disorders through generations of a family Chapter 6: Genes and DNA 1. What is DNA? What does it stand for? deoxyribonucleuic acid, double helix- genetic blueprint that contains all of the information that determines who you are. 2. What is the special shape of DNA? double helix, twisted ladder a. What four scientists helped contribute to what we know about DNA today? Erwin Chargoff- realized that the amount of Adenine always equals the amount of Thymine and the amount of Cytosine always equals the amount of Guanine. Roseland Franklin- used X-ray diffraction to determine the DNA has a spiral shape Watson and Crick- created a double helix model of DNA 3. What are the “handrails” or sides of DNA made out of? alternative sugar and phosphates 4. What are the “steps” or rungs of DNA made out of? nitrogenous bases A,T,C, G 5. Name the 4 nitrogenous bases. How do they pair up? Adenine & Thymine and Cytosine & Guanine 6. What is a mutation? What caused it to does it happen? when the order of the bases is changed. Can happen by a random error when DNA is copied, by radiation, too much exposure to sunlight or smoke. Chapter 7: The Evolution of Living Things 1. What is evolution? the change in hereditary features of an organisms gradually over time 2. Explain what an adaptation is? Give two examples a characteristics that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Ex. Long neck, camouflage 3. What is natural selection? organisms with traits best suited are more likely to survive. These organisms will produce more offspring and therefore pass on their dominant their traits. 4. What does it mean to say “survival of the fittest” The fittest are those whose adaptations match their environment.; their offspring inherit these traits and thus are more likely to survive 5. Briefly explain Darwin’s contribution to science. Darwin was a naturalist. Darwin’s theory of evolution is still accepted today. Realize that the most favorable/dominant trait will be passed on to the next generation. Formulate the theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest through generations. Realized why there is a great variation among organisms, that differences, in genes create variation, and the organisms inherit traits. 6. What is a variation? How does variation in a population happen? The appearance of an inherited trait that makes an individual different from other members of the same species. 7. What evidence did Darwin collect? Fossils, plants, and animals Studied finches and observed characteristics of organisms 8. What evidence supports the theory of evolution? Homologous animal parts Natural selection Fossils Survival of the fittest Adaptation/variation