Download BIOLOGY Ch 15-17 TEST STUDY GUIDE

*KEY*
Biology*9th Grader’s FALL Six Weeks Exam Review*2011
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
1.
What observations did Darwin make on the Galapagos Island?
Pg. 370-371
in order to survive, organisms adapted to their environments
2.
After observing many species and their geographical location what concept did
Darwin formulate? Pg 369
evolution by natural selection
3.
What does the survival of the fittest mean?
Pg. 380
organisms that are better suited for their environment can survive and reproduce
4.
What does fitness mean?
Pg. 380
when an organism not only survives, but can reproduce
5.
What is a gene pool?
Pg. 1094
all of the available alleles in a particular population
6.
What are the three types of isolation? Describe each of them.
Pg 404-405
a) geographic- species are separated by a geographic barrier and therefore cannot reproduce
b) temporal-species that reproduce at different times/seasons
c) behavioral-species that have different mating behaviors
7.
Name an example animal that might be affected by a geographic barrier such as a
lake or river and another example animal that would not be affected by it. Pg 404-405
a bird would NOT be affected (it could fly over the river); a mouse WOULD be affected (it could not swim
across it)
8.
Define speciation.
Pg. 404
Did Darwin’s Finches display speciation?
pg 408
a formation of a new species; YES they displayed speciation
9.
Define genetic equilibrium.
Pg. 401
situation in which allele frequencies remain constant
10.
Genetic drift greatly affects populations of what size?
Pg. 400
small
11.
Gene shuffling includes independent movement of chromosomes. However, what
happens in crossing over? Pg 395
chromosomes exchange information during meiosis
12.
Which selection takes place when individuals at one end of the curve have highest
fitness? pg. 398-399
directional
13.
Which selection takes place when individuals with the average trait or in the middle
have higher fitness? Pg. 399
stablizing
A genetic variation needs to be __(heritable or non heritable)___________ in order for
it to contribute to the overall chance of survival. Pg. 379
15. Does natural selection act on individuals or on populations? Explain pg. 394
14.
populations---natural selection only can happen in populations so they can reproduce and pass on the
favorable characteristics for survival
16.
What is recombination? How does it contribute to diversity?
Pg. 395
various alleles combine randomly; because all alleles can combine and increase variation;NEW
ALLELES can be a result
17.
What is relative frequency and how do you calculate it?
Pg. 394
how often a particular allele appears in a population compared to the total population
ex. one-forth would be 25%
Chapter 18 Classification
1.
What is binomial nomenclature? Pg. 448
system designed by Linnaeus by which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
2.
If I had an organism that has a scientific name of Ailuropoda melanoleuca, where did the first
part and second part of the name come from? Pg. 448
first part—genus
3.
second part---species
What is the hierarchy of classification in order from smallest to largest? Pg. 450
kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species
4.
What are the three domains? Which kingdom(s) fall under each of the 3 domains? Pg. 459
Bacteria—Eubacteria
Archaea---Archaeabacteria
Eukarya---Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
5.
6.
What two kingdoms used to be in one kingdom called Monera? Pg. 458
Archaeabacteria and Eubacteria
What kingdoms include eukaryotic organisms? What domain are they all found in? Pg. 459
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia all in domain Eukarya
7.
8.
What kingdom has cell walls made of chitin? Pg. 459
Fungi
Ursus arctos and Ursus maritimus share the same genus or species? Explain. Pg. 448, 450
same genus (genus is always the first part of the scientific name)
Evidence for Evolution
1. Whales contain small, non functional remnants of a pelvic bone. This is an
example what? Pg. 385
vestigial organ (structure)
2. What is convergent evolution?
Pg. 436
process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to
similar environments
3. In what type of rock do you typically find fossils?
Pg. 418
sedimentary
4. What are index fossils and what are they used for?
Pg. 419
distinctive fossil used to compare the relative ages of fossils or their geologic time periods
5. What is a homologous structure and give an example.
Pg. 384
structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same
embryonic tissues/ bird wing and bat wing
6. What does evolution mean?
glossary
change in an organism over time
7. What is an example of an analogous structure?glossary
bird wing and insect wing
8. Which would be the best way to determine if two species are closely related?
A)looking at the number of genes two species have
or
B)looking at their sequence of amino acids of their genes
9. What is extinction? Pg. 417
disappearance of a species from all parts of its geographical range
10.
All living organisms have DNA. Does this support common ancestry?
Why or why not?
YES—it is what all living organisms are made of
11.
If I was investigating a murder, and I found DNA that had very similar
amino acid sequences with that of suspect A. Is that enough evidence to
warrant an arrest? Explain.
Very similar is not enough to arrest the suspect. The DNA probably
belongs to a relative. The DNA would have to be an exact match to
convict of the murder.
12.
The above picture is a Cladogram. What is a Cladogram? Pg.453
a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
Using the Cladogram above please answer the following questions
13.
Which organism is the oldest common ancestor?
lancelet
14.
Which organism would be expected to have the most amino acid
differences with the leopard?
lancelet
15.
The tuna is most closely related to which of the following?
a. Leopard
c. lancelet
b. Salamander
d. turtle
16.
The embryos of several types of animals look very similar and develop
in almost the same manner, especially in the early stages. What do these
physical similarities indicate?
evidence of a common ancestor
Use the cladogram above to answer questions 1717.
Which species is in the outgroup?
sharks
18.
Which species is more closely related to amphibians (frog)
a. Ray-finned fish
b. Primates
c. Sharks
d. Crocodiles
19.
Which species is least closely related to rabbits?
a. Crocodiles
b. Birds
c. Ray finned fish
d. sharks