Download Nobel Laureates in Physics

Nobel Laureates in Physics
180 Nobel Laureates in Physics have been selected as of 2007. The following chart includes the
Nobel Laureates in Physics since 1901.
Year
Name
Nationality
1901
Wilhelm Conrad
Röntgen
1902
Hendrik Lorentz
Pieter Zeeman
Netherlands
Antoine Henri
Becquerel
France
Pierre Curie
Marie Curie
France
France
German Empire
1903
1904
John William
Strutt
1905
Philipp Eduard AnGerman Emton von Lenard
pire
1906
Joseph John
Thomson
1907
Albert Abraham
Michelson
1908 Gabriel Lippmann
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United States
France
Guglielmo MarcoItaly
ni
1909
German EmKarl Ferdinand
pire
Braun
Johannes Diderik
1910
Netherlands
van der Waals
German Em1911 Wilhelm Wien
pire
1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén
1913
Heike KamerlinghOnnes
Sweden
Netherlands
Motivation
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has
rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or
x-rays)"
"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena". See Zeeman effect.
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has
rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"
"in recognition of the extraordinary services they
have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
"for his investigations of the densities of the most
important gases and for his discovery of argon in
connection with these studies"
"for his work on cathode rays"
"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical
and experimental investigations on the conduction of
electricity by gases"
"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out
with their aid". See Michelson-Morley experiment.
"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
"For his work on the equation of state for gases and
liquids." See van der Waals force.
"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the
radiation of heat."
"invention of automatic valves designed to be used in
combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses
and light-buoys."
"For his investigations on the properties of matter at
low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"
1914 Max von Laue
German Empire
William Henry
Bragg
United King1915
William Lawrence dom
Bragg
1916 no award
1917
Charles Glover
Barkla
1918 Max Planck
1919 Johannes Stark
1920
Charles Edouard
Guillaume
1921 Albert Einstein
United Kingdom
German Empire
German Empire
Switzerland
Weimar Republic
Switzerland
Niels Henrik David
Denmark
Bohr
Robert Andrews
1923
United States
Millikan
Karl Manne Georg
1924
Sweden
Siegbahn
James Franck
Weimar Re1925 Gustav Ludwig
public
Hertz
1922
1926
1927
1928
Jean Baptiste Perrin
France
Arthur Holly
Compton
United States
Charles Thomson
Rees Wilson
United Kingdom
Owen Willans
Richardson
United Kingdom
Prince Louis1929 Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
Chandrasekhara
1930
Venkata Raman
"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by
crystals."
"For their services in the analysis of crystal structure
by means of X-rays."
prize purse allocated to the Special Fund of this prize
section.
"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements."
"In recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy
quanta." See Planck constant.
"For his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays
and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields."
"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of
anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his explanation of the photoelectric effect"
"for his services in the investigation of the structure
of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity
and on the photoelectric effect"
"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray
spectroscopy"
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact
of an electron upon an atom"
"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation
equilibrium"
"for his discovery of the effect named after him". See
Compton effect.
"for his method of making the paths of electrically
charged particles visible by condensation of vapour".
See cloud chamber.
"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after
him"
France
"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons".
See De Broglie hypothesis.
India
"for his work on the scattering of light and for the
discovery of the effect named after him"
1931 no award
1932
Werner Karl Heisenberg
Weimar Republic
1933
Erwin Schrödinger
Paul Dirac
Austria
United Kingdom
"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic
theory"
prize purse allocated half to the Main Fund and half
to the Special Fund for this prize.
1934 no award
United Kingdom
Victor Franz Hess
Austria
1936 Carl David AnderUnited States
son
Clinton Joseph
United States
Davisson
1937
United KingGeorge Paget
dom
Thomson
1935 James Chadwick
1938 Enrico Fermi
Italy
1939 Ernest Lawrence
United States
1940
1941 no award
1942
"for the discovery of the neutron"
"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"
"for his discovery of the positron"
"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of
electrons by crystals". See wave-particle duality.
"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and
for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought
about by slow neutrons"
"for the invention and development of the cyclotron
and for results obtained with it, especially with regard
to artificial radioactive elements"
prize purse allocated half to the Main Fund and half
to the Special Fund for this prize.
1943 Otto Stern
United States
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi
United States
1945 Wolfgang Pauli
Austria
1946
Percy Williams
Bridgman
United States
1947
Edward Victor
Appleton
United Kingdom
1948
Patrick Maynard
Stuart Blackett
United Kingdom
1949 Hideki Yukawa
prize purse allocated to the Special Fund for this
prize.
"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of
the allotropic forms of hydrogen"
Japan
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic
moment of the proton"
"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic
properties of atomic nuclei"
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also
called the Pauli principle"
"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he
made there within the field of high pressure physics"
"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called
Appleton layer"
"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber
method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of
nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the
1950 Cecil Frank Powell
United Kingdom
John Douglas
United KingCockcroft
1951
dom
Ernest Thomas
Ireland
Sinton Walton
Felix Bloch
1952 Edward Mills PurUnited States
cell
1953 Frits Zernike
Max Born
1954
Walther Bothe
1955
Willis Eugene
Lamb
Polykarp Kusch
William Bradford
Shockley
1956 John Bardeen
Walter Houser
Brattain
Chen Ning Yang
(楊振寧)
1957
Tsung-Dao Lee
basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces". See Yukawa potential.
"for his development of the photographic method of
studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
"for their pioneering work on the transmutation of
atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
"for their development of new methods for nuclear
magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in
connection therewith"
"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method,
especially for his invention of the phase contrast miNetherlands
croscope"
"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics,
West Germany especially for his statistical interpretation of the
wavefunction"
"for the coincidence method and his discoveries
West Germany
made therewith"
"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of
United States
the hydrogen spectrum". See Lamb shift.
"for his precision determination of the magnetic moUnited States
ment of the electron"
United States
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
China
United States
"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called
parity laws which has led to important discoveries
regarding the elementary particles"
Soviet Union
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect"
United States
"for their discovery of the antiproton"
United States
"for the invention of the bubble chamber"
United States
"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in
atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
(李政道)
Pavel Alekseyevich Čerenkov
1958
Il'ia Frank
Igor Yevgenyevich
Tamm
Emilio Gino Segrè
1959
Owen Chamberlain
Donald Arthur
1960
Glaser
1961 Robert Hofstadter
Rudolf Ludwig
Mössbauer
1962
Lev Davidovich
Landau
Eugene Paul Wigner
1963
Maria GoeppertMayer
J. Hans D. Jensen
Charles Hard
Townes
Nicolay Gen1964
nadiyevich Basov
Aleksandr Prokhorov
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
1965 Julian Schwinger
Richard Phillips
Feynman
1966 Alfred Kastler
"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this
West Germany
connection of the effect which bears his name". See
Mössbauer effect.
"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter,
Soviet Union
especially liquid helium"
"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly
United States
through the discovery and application of fundamental
symmetry principles"
United States "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell strucWest Germany ture"
United States
Soviet Union
Soviet Union
"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
Japan
United States
United States
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the
physics of elementary particles"
France
1967
Hans Albrecht Bethe
United States
1968
Luis Walter Alvarez
United States
1969 Murray Gell-Mann
United States
Hannes Olof Gösta
Alfvén
Sweden
Louis Eugene Félix
Néel
France
1970
1971 Dennis Gabor
1972
John Bardeen
Leon Neil Cooper
United Kingdom
United States
"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle
physics, in particular the discovery of a large number
of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble
chamber and data analysis"
"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the
classification of elementary particles and their interactions". See Eightfold way.
"for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different
parts of plasma physics"
"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning
antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have
led to important applications in solid state physics"
"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
John Robert
Schrieffer
Leo Esaki
Ivar Giaever
Japan
United States
1973
1974
Brian David Josephson
United Kingdom
Martin Ryle
Antony Hewish
United Kingdom
Aage Niels Bohr
Ben Roy Mottelson
1975
Leo James Rainwater
Denmark
Denmark
United States
Burton Richter
1976 Samuel Chao
Chung Ting
United States
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
Philip Warren Anderson
United States
Nevill Francis
United KingMott
dom
John Hasbrouck
United States
van Vleck
Pyotr Leonidovich
Soviet Union
Kapitsa
Arno Allan Penzias
United States
Robert Woodrow
United States
Wilson
Sheldon Lee GlaUnited States
show
Pakistan
Abdus Salam
United States
Steven Weinberg
James Watson
Cronin
United States
Val Logsdon Fitch
Nicolaas Bloembergen
United States
Arthur Leonard
United States
Schawlow
Kai Manne Börje
Sweden
Siegbahn
Kenneth G. Wilson
United States
"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a
supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular
those phenomena which are generally known as the
Josephson effect"
"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics:
Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular
of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for
his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and
the development of the theory of the structure of the
atomic nucleus based on this connection"
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy
elementary particle of a new kind". In other words:
for discovery of the J/Ψ particle as it confirmed the
idea that baryonic matter (such as the nuclei of atoms) is made out of quarks.
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of
the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered
systems"
"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area
of low-temperature physics"
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified
weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction
of the weak neutral current"
"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons".
See CP-violation.
"for their contribution to the development of laser
spectroscopy"
"for his contribution to the development of highresolution electron spectroscopy"
"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection
Subrahmanyan
Chandrasekhar
1983
William Alfred
Fowler
Carlo Rubbia
1984 Simon van der
Meer
1985 Klaus von Klitzing
Ernst Ruska
1986
Gerd Binnig
Heinrich Rohrer
Johannes Georg
Bednorz
1987
Karl Alexander
Müller
Leon Max Lederman
1988
Melvin Schwartz
Jack Steinberger
1989
West Germany "for their important break-through in the discovery of
superconductivity in ceramic materials"
Switzerland
United States
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration
of the doublet structure of the leptons through the
discovery of the muon neutrino"
Norman Foster
Ramsey
United States
"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields
method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other
atomic clocks"
Hans Georg
Dehmelt
Wolfgang Paul
United States
"for the development of the ion trap technique"
West Germany
Jerome I. Friedman
Henry Way Ken1990
dall
Richard E. Taylor
1991
with phase transitions"
"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes
India
of importance to the structure and evolution of the
United States
stars". See Chandrasekhar limit.
"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the
United States nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of
the chemical elements in the universe"
"for their decisive contributions to the large project,
Italy
which led to the discovery of the field particles W
Netherlands
and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
West Germany "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"
"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for
West Germany
the design of the first electron microscope"
West Germany "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
Switzerland
Pierre-Gilles de
Gennes
1992 Georges Charpak
Russell Alan Hulse
1993 Joseph Hooton
Taylor Jr.
Bertram Brock1994
house
United States
United States
Canada
France
France
United States
Canada
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep
inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound
neutrons, which have been of essential importance
for the development of the quark model in particle
physics"
"for discovering that methods developed for studying
order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to
liquid crystals and polymers"
"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study
of gravitation"
"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and
"for pioneering contributions to the development of
Clifford Glenwood
Shull
United States
Martin Lewis Perl
United States
Frederick Reines
United States
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
David Morris Lee
Douglas D.
Osheroff
Robert Coleman
Richardson
Steven Chu
Claude CohenTannoudji
William Daniel
Phillips
Robert B. Laughlin
Horst Ludwig
Störmer
Daniel Chee Tsui
Gerardus 't Hooft
Martinus J.G.
Veltman
Zhores Ivanovich
Alferov
Herbert Kroemer
Jack St. Clair Kilby
Eric Allin Cornell
Wolfgang Ketterle
Carl Edwin Wieman
Raymond Davis Jr.
Masatoshi Koshiba
Riccardo Giacconi
neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering
experimental contributions to lepton physics"
United States
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
United States
France
United States
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms
with laser light" See Laser cooling.
United States
Germany
United States
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid
with fractionally charged excitations". See Quantum
Hall effect.
Netherlands
"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak
interactions in physics"
Russia
Germany
"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used
in high-speed- and optoelectronics"
United States
"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
United States
Germany
United States
"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation
in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
United States
Japan
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which
have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
United States
Alexei Alexeevich
Abrikosov
United States
Vitaly Lazarevich
Russia
2003
Ginzburg
United KingAnthony James
dom
Leggett
2004 David J. Gross
United States
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theo-
H. David Politzer
Frank Wilczek
Roy J. Glauber
2005 John L. Hall
Theodor W.
Hänsch
ry of the strong interaction"
United States
United States
Germany
2006
John C. Mather
George F. Smoot
United States
2007
Albert Fert
Peter Grünberg
France
Germany
"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical
coherence"
"for their contributions to the development of laserbased precision spectroscopy, including the optical
frequency comb technique"
"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"
Nation
Number of awards
United States
53
Germany (and predecessor-states)
26
United Kingdom
19
11
France
6
Netherlands
6
Russia &
Soviet Union
Sweden
4
3
Austria
Switzerland
Italy
Japan
Canada
India
Denmark
People's Republic of China
Ireland
Pakistan
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1