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Chapter 1: Sources of Democratic Tradition--Outline
Section 1: The Greek Roots of Democracy
I. The Rise of Greek City-States
1. In 700s BCE, the Greeks formed city-states between Spain
and Egypt.
2. The Greeks built a polis (a city), an acropolis (high city), and
a walled main city below, as their territory grew.
3. The Greek population was small so they were responsible
and celebrated festivals together.
4. Between 750 to 500 BCE, the Greek form of government
changes from a monarchy (rule by king or queen) to an
aristocracy (rule by small group of land owners).
5. By 750 BCE, iron weapons were used instead of bronze and
the phalanx method of fighting was used, which required a
lot of training and created unity among the citizens.
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II. The Persian Wars
1. By 500 B.C.E., Athens became the wealthiest Greek citystate, until Athens and the entire Greek world faced a
fearsome threat called “The Persians” which were forced to
retreat by the Athens.
2. Ten years later Persians came back, Sparta and City-States
joined force with Athens to defeat Persians in Athenian cost.
III. Athens in the Age of Pericles
1. ???
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3. By the time the Pericles, the Athenian began to pay to fixed
salary to men who held public office because 6,00 member
of the Pericles
4. Pericles made a speech on which he said the people had the
rights and their own individual duties
5. ???
6. Athens rebuild the acropolis which he
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8. In 431 BCE, Pericles funeral honored Athenians killed and
represented a power struggle between Spartans and Athens
while Spartan bid to end Athenians which began war and
engulfed in Greece for 27 years.
9. In 404 BCE, the Spartans captured Athens ending the
Athenian domination of the Greeks and there where selfish
interests replaced on the older ideals such as service to their
city state.
IV.
Greek Philosophy
1. The Greeks considered the thinkers as philosophers (lovers
and wisdom) and they would search for laws to make
everything better.
2. The Greek philosophers tried to dress the public to the form
of the government.
3. In Athens, sophists thought more and ethical truths were
just options and success was more important therefore, they
taught the art persuasive speaking especially to men.
4. Socrates is a philosopher that wrote no books but
repeatedly asked the question “what is the greatest good?”
5. To Socrates, examination was a way to help others seek
truth and self knowledge but many Athens were threatened
by this tradition.
6. At 70 years of age, Socrates’ enemies accused him to be in
the city youth to failing they had to respect Gods before a
jury of Sol citizens, but Socrates was a loyal citizen of
Athens, accepting the death penalty and he was deadly in
prison.
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11. In the republic Plato rejected Athenians democracy it had
condemned Socrates.
12. Aristotle promoted reason as the guiding force for learning,
he left writing for politics, ethics, logic, biology, literature,
and many other subjects.
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14. In city-states Aristotle believed the best for human
community, people could reach their potential, however
there was a rule for any individual, he despised tyranny in
which individual ruler.
15. Aristotle was concerned about the people he thought
conduct meant pursuing the “golden means”.
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V. Alexander and the Hellenistic Age
1. In 345 BCE, when Aristotle started to travel to the Kingdom
of Macedonia, he tutored the Macedonian King’s 13 year old
son, Alexander, while the Phillip brought all of Greece under
his control.
2. By 327 BCE, a young soldier named Alexander traveled
across the land of the Asia Minor and Persia overcoming
Persian Forces.
3. After 327 BCE he died after conquering his father empire
4. In 323 BCE Alexander founds new cities all over Persia
5. In the Hellenistic world, some city-states had a citizen
government.
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7. After its conquest of Asia minor in 133 BCE, the Greeks had
already made their greatest contributions, Greek ideas
about law, freedom, justice, and government have
influenced political thinking to the present day.