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Ecology Review Vocab: abiotic acid rain/ acidification autotroph biological controls biomass biome biosphere biotic carnivore chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) climax community commensalism community competition consumer decomposer denitrifying bacteria desert detritivore ecosystem Name __________________ emission energy pyramid genus grasslands habitat herbicide herbivore heterotroph licens limiting agent mutation mutualism niche nitrogen cycle nitrogen fixing bacteria omnivore ozone layer parasite/ parasitism PCBs pesticide pioneer organisms pollutant population predator prey producer saprophyte savannah selecting agent species species succession symbiosis/ symbiotic taiga temperate deciduous forest trophic levels tundra water cycle Multiple Choice: 1. The ability of an organism to obtain food, seek shelter, and avoid predators is most directly related to the function of 1 reproduction 3 locomotion 2 egestion 4 excretion 2 due to genetic changes and result in favorable variations 3 not due to genetic changes and result in unfavorable variations 4 not due to genetic changes and result in favorable variations 2. An example of a population is 1 all the Zapus hudsonicus in New York State 2 all the fish in Lake Erie 3 the number of different species of Felis in a geographic area 4 the number of maples, white oaks, spruce, gray squirrels, and owls in a forest 4 The maintenance of a self-sustaining ecosystem requires a 1 constant temperature 2 greater number of herbivores than producers 3 cycling of materials between organisms and their environment 4 soil that is acidic 3. Differences between the members of a population will most likely be passed to future generations if they are 1 due to genetic changes and result in unfavorable variations 5 Animals that feed exclusively on herbivores are known as 1 primary consumers 3 omnivores 2 carnivores 4 producers 6 As water cycles through an ecosystem, which process returns it to the atmosphere? 1 hydrolysis 3 condensation 2 transpiration 4 cyclosis 7 In a food web, which organisms are necessary for the recycling of nitrogen? 1 frogs 3 snakes 2 grasshoppers 4 bacteria 8 Which action by humans has had the most positive ecological impact on the environment? 1 use of pesticides to regulate insect populations 2 importation of organisms such as the Japanese beetle and the zebra mussel into the United States 3 overhunting of many predators to prevent the death of prey animals 4 reforestation and covercropping to prevent soil erosion Base your answers to questions 9 through 11 on the diagram below, which shows the sequence of plant communities that have occupied land that was left barren 300 years ago, and on your knowledge of biology. 9 In which biome would this sequence of plant communities most likely be found? 1 taiga 2 tundra 3 tropical rain forest 4 temperate deciduous forest 10 Dominant plant species in the climax community include 1 pine trees 3 mosses 2 hickory trees 4 lichens 11 Which plant species represent pioneer organisms? 1 broomsedge and pine seedlings 2 ragweed and aster 3 crabgrass and horseweed 4 oak and hickory trees 12 Why does each successive feeding level in a pyramid of energy have less biomass? 1 Carnivore biomass is less than producer biomass as a result of energy being lost as it flows from producers to carnivores. 2 The primary consumer level contains more stored energy than the producer level. 3 Consumers have more biomass than autotrophs because they must absorb all of the light energy in an ecosystem. 4 Biomass differences in an ecosystem result from competition between producers. 13 Which type of biome occupies the largest area of Earth? 1 marine 3 tropical rain forest 2 grassland 4 temperate deciduous forest 14 The action of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle most directly aids in the 1 synthesis of proteins from nitrates 2 removal of nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere 3 restoration of nitrogen compounds to the soil 4 fixation of atmospheric nitrogen 15 Many more species of plants and animals live in a tropical forest than live in a desert. This difference is most likely due to the fact that, compared to a tropical forest, a desert 1 has less available sunlight 2 contains soil with sand 3 contains less water 4 has more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Base your answers to questions 16 through 18 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. 16 Which term belongs in area A? 1 mutualism 3 saprophytism 2 prey 4 host 17 Which phrase belongs in area B? 1 protozoa within termites 2 athlete’s foot fungus on humans 3 nitrogen-fixing bacteria within legume nodules 4 orchids on tropical trees 18 Organisms that are always part of the relationship indicated by letter C may be classified as 1 bryophytes 3 scavengers 2 parasites 4 carnivores 19 A student observes a small pond community and notices that many geese are hatched there each spring. The baby geese feed on the grass surrounding the pond. The snapping turtles in the pond feed on the baby geese. Which pyramid of energy correctly illustrates these relationships? 20 The diagram below shows some pathways in the cycling of materials in the environment. Which two processes are involved in the cycling shown in the diagram? 1 succession and transpiration 2 photosynthesis and cellular respiration 3 artificial selection and deamination 4 enzymatic hydrolysis and regeneration 21 Which group of organisms is an example of a population? 1 leopard frogs in a stream 2 birds in Colorado 3 reptiles in the Sahara Desert 4 trees in a forest 22 Which statement concerning an ecosystem is correct? 1 It can exist with or without a constant source of energy input. 2 It must contain consumers but can exist without producers. 3 It involves interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. 4 It can exist on land, but it cannot exist in lakes, rivers, or oceans. 23 Which term refers to the behavior of two species attempting to use the same living space, food source, and water source? 1 saprophytic 3 predatory 2 competitive 4 symbiotic 24 In the diagram below, which organism is classified as both a primary and a secondary consumer? 25 Which human activity would most likely have a positive impact on the environment? 1 using pesticides to decrease populations of birds of prey 2 increasing emissions into the atmosphere to decrease the pH of lakes 3 using parasites for biological control of pests to increase crop yields 4 engaging in uncontrolled hunting and trapping to reduce populations of carnivores Base your answers to questions 26 and 27 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. An ecologist passed through different biomes while driving up a high mountain. At the lowest elevation (sea level), the ecologist saw deep-green vegetation, many birds, and small mammals. At the highest elevation, the ecologist saw bare rock, very little vegetation, and few birds. 26 Which sequence of biomes did the ecologist most likely pass through while driving from the lowest elevation to the highest elevation of this mountain? 1 grassland tundra taiga 2 taiga tundra temperate deciduous forest 3 tundra temperate deciduous forest taiga 4 temperate deciduous forest taiga tundra 27 Which change was most likely encountered as the ecologist drove up the mountain? 1 an increase in the diversity of species 2 an increase in the amount of atmospheric oxygen 3 a decrease in temperature 4 a decrease in latitude 28 The diagram below shows a food pyramid. Which level of the food pyramid contains consumers with the least biomass? 1 snakes 3 crickets 2 frogs 4 green plants 29 Acacia trees provide food for a species of ant that lives on them. The ants defend the acacia tree from grasshoppers and beetles. This relationship between the ant and acacia tree is best described as 1 commensalism 3 parasitism 2 mutualism 4 saprophytism 30 Which pair of organisms represents a predator/prey relationship? 1 owl and mouse 2 protozoan and termite 3 tapeworm and dog 4 deer and apple tree 31Atmospheric nitrogen can only be used by most living things after it has been 1 converted to nitrates with the help of nitrogen-fixing bacteria 2 taken in by plants through the lenticels 3 converted to ammonia by bacteria of decay 4 combined with carbon dioxide to form protein 32 Which two factors are abiotic limiting factors that affect organisms in marine biomes? 1 amount of algae and wide temperature variations 2 amount of carbon dioxide and variety of producer organisms 3 amount of moisture and variety of consumer organisms 4 amount of oxygen and concentration of dissolved salts 33 The first living things to grow successfully on a newly formed sand dune are known as 1 saprophytes 3 carnivorous plants 2 pioneer organisms 4 heterotrophs 34 Male grizzly bears can maintain territorial control over many square miles. This role as a top predator in the territory is known as 1 a habitat 3 a biosphere 2 an ecosystem 4 a niche 35 A pond surrounded by a beech-maple forest dries up. What will most likely happen if the pond remains dry for one more year? 1 A beech-maple forest will replace the pond. 2 No further change will occur in the area previously covered by the pond. 3 Grasses will most likely grow on the bottom of the dried-up pond. 4 The pond will fill in due to seasonal dieback of aquatic vegetation. 36 A certain plant requires moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, light, and minerals in order to survive. This statement shows that a living organism depends on 1. biotic factors 2. abiotic factors 3. symbiotic relationships 4. carnivore-herbivore relationships 42 Events that take place in a biome are shown in the diagram below. Which information formation is represented in the diagram? 37 Which is a biotic factor operating within an ecosystem? 1. the type of climate in a given region 2. the carnivores that consume other animals 3. the amount of helium gas in the air 4. the rate of flow of water in a river 38 All of Earth's water, land, and atmosphere within which life exists is known as 1. a population 2. a community 3. a biome 4. the biosphere 39 Most autotrophs store energy in the form of 1. starches 3. water 2. carbon dioxide 4. nucleic acids 40 Which life process is classified as autotrophic in some organisms and heterotrophic in other organisms? 1. hormonal regulation 2. nutrition 3. anaerobic respiration 4. transport 41 Which waste product of a grasshopper may be retained and used in other metabolic activities? 1. water 3. carbon dioxide 2. uric acid 4. feces 1. Respiration and photosynthesis are interrelated 2. Transpiration and condensation are related to the water cycle. 3. Decomposers release a material that is acted on by other organisms. 4. Predators and their prey are involved in many interactions. 43 An ecosystem, such as an aquarium, is self-sustaining if it involves the interaction between organisms, a flow of energy, and the presence of 1. equal numbers of plants and animals 2. more animals than plants 3. materials cycles 4. pioneer organisms 44 A scorpion stalks, kills, and then eats a spider. Based on its behavior, which ecological terms describe the scorpion? 1. producer, herbivore, decomposer 2. producer, carnivore, heterotroph 3. predator, carnivore, consumer 4. predator, autotroph, herbivore 45 Which organisms are dependent upon other animals for food? 1. producers 3. scavengers 2. herbivores 4. primary consumers 46 Certain bacteria living in a human's large intestine help to produce vitamin K. This relationship is an example of 1. animal parasitism 3. commensalism 2. plant parasitism 4. mutualism Base your answers to 47 and 48 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram illustrates the relationships between the organisms in a certain pond. 47 In addition to sunlight, another factor needed to make this a self-sustaining ecosystem would be the presence of…. 1. producers 2. primary consumers 3. decomposers 4. higher order consumers 48 In this pond community, which organisms are secondary consumers? 1. aquatic crustaceans and racoons 2. carnivorous fish and aquatic crustaceans 3. ducks and minnows 4. ducks and carnivorous fish 49The timber wolves, rabbits, and vegetation in a particular region of northern New York together constitute part of a 1. population 3. genus 2. community 4. species 50 All the plants, animals, and protists living in a forest make up a 1. population 3. species 2. community 4. phylum 51 A rocky island appears as oceanic waters recede. Which of the following forms of vegetation would probably appear first on the bare rocks? 1. lichens 3. shrubs 2. weeds 4. pioneer trees short answer: 1. In a process known as biological control, natural predators that prey on plants or animal pests are used to control the population of pests. Identify example of a biological control.