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Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology An Introduction to Studying the Human Body • Learning Outcomes • 1-1 Explain the importance of studying anatomy and physiology. • 1-2 Identify basic study skill strategies to use in this course. • 1-3 Define anatomy and physiology, describe the origins of anatomical and physiological terms, and explain the significance of Terminologia Anatomica (International Anatomical Terminology). An Introduction to Studying the Human Body • Learning Outcomes • 1-4 Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology, and describe various specialties of each discipline. • 1-5 Identify the major levels of organization in organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, and identify major components of each organ system. • 1-6 Explain the concept of homeostasis. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body • Learning Outcomes • 1-7 Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation, and explain the significance of homeostasis. • 1-8 Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions. • 1-9 Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions, and describe the functions of each. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body • Classification of Living Things • Humans and many other animals are vertebrates • Characterized by a segmented vertebral column • Common characteristics suggest the same path in evolution • Homeostasis • The goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment 1-1 Anatomy and Physiology Directly Affect Your Life • Anatomy • Is the oldest medical science • 1600 B.C. • Physiology • Is the study of function • • • • Biochemistry Biology Chemistry Genetics 1-2 Good Study Strategies Crucial for Success • Study Strategies • • • Attend all lectures, labs, and study sessions Read your lecture and laboratory assignments before going to class or lab Devote a block of time each day to your A&P course © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • • • • • Set up a study schedule and stick to it Do not procrastinate Approach the information in different ways Develop the skill of memorization, and practice it regularly As soon as you experience difficulty with the course, seek assistance 1-2 Good Study Strategies Crucial for Success • Important Features of the Textbook • Learning Outcomes • Illustrations, Tables, and Photos • Pronunciation Guides • Checkpoint Questions • Tips & Tricks • Clinical Notes • Arrow Icons • End-of-Chapter Study and Review Materials • Systems Integrators • Colored Tabs • End-of-Book Reference Sections 1-2 Good Study Strategies Crucial for Success • Supplements • Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™) 3.0 DVD • MasteringA&P™ Study Area • Interactive Physiology® 10-System Suite (IP-10) CD-ROM • Martini’s Atlas of the Human Body • Get Ready for A&P! • A&P Applications Manual © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • Study Guide • Full descriptions in preface of textbook 1-3 Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy • Describes the structures of the body • What they are made of • Where they are located • Associated structures • Physiology • Is the study of: • Functions of anatomical structures • Individual and cooperative functions 1-4 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy • Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures • • • • • Surface anatomy: exterior features Regional anatomy: body areas Systemic anatomy: organ systems Developmental anatomy: from conception to death Clinical anatomy: medical specialties 1-4 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • Anatomy • Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules • Cytology: study of cells and their structures • cyt- = cell • Histology: study of tissues and their structures 1-4 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology • Physiology • Cell physiology: processes within and between cells • Organ physiology: functions of specific organs • Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system • Pathological physiology: effects of diseases 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Chemical (or Molecular) Level • • • The Cellular Level • • Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together The Tissue Level • • Atoms are the smallest chemical units Molecules are a group of atoms working together A tissue is a group of similar cells working together The Organ Level • An organ is a group of different tissues working together 1-5 Levels of Organization © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • The Organ System Level • • • An organ system is a group of organs working together Humans have 11 organ systems The Organism Level • A human is an organism 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Integumentary • Major Organs • Skin • Hair • Sweat glands • Nails • Functions • Protects against environmental hazards • Helps regulate body temperature • Provides sensory information 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Skeletal • Major Organs • Bones • Cartilages • Associated ligaments • Bone marrow • Functions • Provides support and protection for other tissues • Stores calcium and other minerals • Forms blood cells © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Muscular • Major Organs • Skeletal muscles and associated tendons • Functions • Provides movement • Provides protection and support for other tissues • Generates heat that maintains body temperature 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Nervous • Major Organs • Brain • Spinal cord • Peripheral nerves • Sense organs • Functions • Directs immediate responses to stimuli • Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems • Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Endocrine • Major Organs • Pituitary gland • Pancreas • Gonads © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • • Endocrine tissues in other systems • Thyroid gland • Adrenal glands Functions • Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems • Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body • Controls many structural and functional changes during development 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Cardiovascular • Major Organs • Heart • Blood • Blood vessels • Functions • Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide • Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Lymphatic • Major Organs • Spleen • Thymus • Lymphatic vessels • Lymph nodes • Tonsils • Functions • Defends against infection and disease • Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Respiratory • Major Organs • Nasal cavities • Sinuses • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Lungs • Alveoli 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Respiratory • Functions • Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) • Provides oxygen to bloodstream • Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream • Produces sounds for communication 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Digestive • Major Organs • • • • Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • • • • • • Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Digestive • Functions • Processes and digests food • Absorbs and conserves water • Absorbs nutrients • Stores energy reserves 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Urinary • Major Organs • Kidneys • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Urethra • Functions • Excretes waste products from the blood • Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced • Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination • Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Male Reproductive • Major Organs • Testes • Epididymides • Ductus deferentia • Seminal vesicles • Prostate gland • Penis • Scrotum 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Male Reproductive • Functions • Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones • Sexual intercourse 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Female Reproductive • Major Organs • Ovaries • Uterine tubes • Uterus • Vagina • Labia • Clitoris • Mammary glands © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Female Reproductive • Functions • Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones • Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery • Provides milk to nourish newborn infant • Sexual intercourse 1-6 Homeostasis • Homeostasis • All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment • Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance) 1-6 Homeostasis • Mechanisms of Regulation • Autoregulation (intrinsic) • Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change • Extrinsic regulation • Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems 1-6 Homeostasis • Receptor • Receives the stimulus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • Control center • Processes the signal and sends instructions • Effector • Carries out instructions 1-7 Negative and Positive Feedback • The Role of Negative Feedback • The response of the effector negates the stimulus • Body is brought back into homeostasis • Normal range is achieved 1-7 Negative and Positive Feedback • The Role of Positive Feedback • The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus • Body is moved away from homeostasis • Normal range is lost • Used to speed up processes 1-7 Negative and Positive Feedback • Systems Integration • Systems work together to maintain homeostasis • Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium • Opposing forces are in balance • Dynamic equilibrium — continual adaptation • Physiological systems work to restore balance • Failure results in disease or death © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-8 Anatomical Terminology • Superficial Anatomy • Locating structures on or near the body surface • Anatomical Landmarks • Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward • Supine: lying down, face up • Prone: lying down, face down 1-8 Anatomical Terminology • Superficial Anatomy • Anatomical Landmarks • References to palpable structures • Anatomical Regions • Body regions • Abdominopelvic quadrants • Abdominopelvic regions • Anatomical Directions • Reference terms based on subject 1-8 Anatomical Terminology • Sectional Anatomy • Planes and sections • • • • Plane: a three-dimensional axis Section: a slice parallel to a plane Used to visualize internal organization and structure Important in radiological techniques • MRI © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. • PET • CT 1-9 Body Cavities • Essential Functions of Body Cavities 1. Protect organs from accidental shocks 2. Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs • Ventral body cavity (coelom) • Divided by the diaphragm • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity 1-9 Body Cavities • Serous Membranes • Line body cavities and cover organs • Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer • Parietal layer — lines cavity • Visceral layer — covers organ 1-9 Body Cavities • The Thoracic Cavity • Right and left pleural cavities • Contain right and left lungs • Mediastinum • Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus • Lower portion contains pericardial cavity • The heart is located within the pericardial cavity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-9 Body Cavities • The Abdominopelvic Cavity • Peritoneal cavity: chamber within abdominopelvic cavity • Parietal peritoneum: lines the internal body wall • Visceral peritoneum: covers the organs 1-9 Body Cavities • The Abdominopelvic Cavity • Abdominal cavity — superior portion • Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones • Contains digestive organs • Retroperitoneal space • Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall • Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract 1-9 Body Cavities • The Abdominopelvic Cavity • Pelvic cavity — inferior portion • Within pelvic bones • Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
