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Name: _____________________________________________________ Pd.: ________ Date: ______________________ Study Guide – Principles of Ecology Ecologists Study Relationships – Read the section and complete the following: 1. ___________________ the study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their surroundings 2. ___________________ an individual living thing 3. __________________ a group of the same species that lives on one area 4. __________________ a group of different species that live together in one area 5. __________________ The lowest level of complexity in the biosphere that includes both living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors 6. __________________ a major regional or global community of organisms. 7. What two things usually characterize a biome? ________________________ 8. What is the biome of central Georgia? ____________________ __________________________ ______________________ ______________ 9. Scientists rely on a variety of methods and tools to conduct research. Ecological research methods include the following: a. _______________________ the act of carefully watching something over time b. _______________________ laboratory and field are two types c. computers and mathematics are used _______________________ Biotic and Abiotic Factors – Read the section and complete the following: Every ecosystem includes both living and nonliving factors. Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors. 10. __________________ Living things, such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria 11. __________________ nonliving things such as moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, and soil 12. Ecosystems are always undergoing changes. As these changes occur, an ecosystem falls into a balance, which is known as approximate _________________________. 13. The assortment, or variety of living things in an ecosystem is called ____________________________. 14. Name the biome that covers less than 7 percent of Earth’s ground surface but contains over 50 percent of the planet’s plant and animal species. ____________________ __________________ __________________ 15. ____________________ __________________ The term for an organisms which has an unusually large effect on an ecosystem. 16. Why are beavers considered to be a good example of a keystone species? ______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 17. For each of the following, place a “B” in the space if it is a biotic factor, and an “A” if it is an abioitc factor in the environment: _______ bacteria _______ fungus _______ lichen ________ water _______ sunlight _______ humidity _______ grass ________nitrogen 1 Energy in Ecosystems – Read the section and complete the following: 18. ___________________ organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources, meaning they make their own food. 19. Producers are also called ____________________. 20. ______________________ organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once living resources, such as plants and animals. 21. Consumers are also called _________________________. Hetero means “different” 22. All ecosystems depend on ________________________, because they provide the basis for the ecosystem’s energy. 23. All ____________________________ are connected in some way to producers. 24. Most producers on Earth use _______________________ as their energy source. 25. ____________________________ The process that green plants, some bacteria, and some protists use to produce energy from sunlight. 26. Organisms which can make their own food from chemicals rather than sunlight use a process called ______________________________. These organisms are found in deep-sea vents, sulfur-rich salt marsh flats and in hydrothermal pools, such as those found in Yellowstone National Park. Section 13-4 –Food Chains and Food Webs – Read the section and complete the following: 27. ______________ ________________ a sequence that links species by their feeding relationships Choose the correct term from the box below to fit each description Carnivore herbivore secondary consumer Decomposer omnivore tertiary consumer Detritivore primary consumer trophic levels 28. I eat only plants. I am a(n) ______________________________________ 29. I eat only other animals. I am a(n) ________________________________ 30. I eat both plants and animals. I am a(n) ____________________________ 31. I eat dead organic matter. I am a(n) ________________________________ 32. I break down organic matter into simpler compounds. I an a(n) _________________________________ 33. I am the first consumer above the producer level. I am a(n) ____________________________________ 34. I am a carnivore that eats herbivores. I am a(n) ______________________________________________ 35. I am a carnivore that eats other carnivores. I am a(n) __________________________________________ 36. The levels of nourishment in a food chain are called _____________________________________________ 37. How is a food chain different from a food web? _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 38. What type of organism provides the base of a food web? _____________________________________________ 2 39. What is a specialist? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 40. What is a generalist? __________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 41. Primary consumers are ____________________________ because they are the first consumer above the producer tropic level. 42. Secondary consumers are _________________________ that eat herbivores. 43. Tertiary consumers are ___________________________ that eat secondary consumers. 44. Why is carbon essential to living organisms? ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 45. Why is nitrogen essential to living organisms? ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 46. Why is phosphorus essential to living organisms? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Pyramid Models – Read the section and complete the following: Complete the following sentences with the correct terms Biomass heat waste 47. The measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area is called _________________________. 48. When a consumer incorporates the biomass of a producer into its own biomass, a large amount of energy is lost as ______________________ and _______________________. 49. Label the four tiers of the energy pyramid with the correct trophic level (producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers). 3 50. Write a description of each pyramid model. Model Description Energy pyramid Biomass pyramid Pyramid of numbers 4