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Name: _________________________ Chapter 21: What is a Plant? Guided Notes Section 21.1 Adapting to Life on Land Origins of Plants Define Multicellular: _________________________________________________ Define Eukaryote: __________________________________________________ Produce own food through the process of ___________________ -cells have a thick _______ ________ made of ______________ -stems & leaves are covered with a waxy, waterproof coating called a ____________ All plants probably evolved from filamentous __________ __________ Plants appearing the fossil record ________ million years ago Adaptations in Plants Preventing Water Loss -The waxy cuticle helps prevent __________ in plant’s tissues from _________________ Carrying Out Photosynthesis -The _________ grows from a stem and is where photosynthesis occurs Putting Down Roots -Plants depend on _________ as their primary source of __________ & nutrients -a _________ is the organ that absorbs water & minerals -contain tissues that transport nutrient to the _________ -they ___________ plants in the ground -some accumulate ___________ & function as organs of ____________ Transporting materials -Water moves from roots to __________ -Sugars move from leaves to __________ -A _________ is an organ that provides support for ___________ & contains tissues for transporting _________, __________, & other _____________ -green stems contain ________________ & can carry out photosynthesis -stems of most plants contain _____________ ____________ -vascular tissues are _____________, ______________ cells through which _________, _________ & materials are transported -Plants that contain vascular tissue are called ____________ ___________ -examples include pine, __________ trees, ferns, _______ grasses, _____________ ivy, & __________________ -________________ ___________ don’t have vascular tissues -bodies of these plants are not more than a few __________ thick -water & nutrients move by the processes of ____________ & _____________ -vascular tissues allow plants to survive in many _______________ on land -because of fibers in the tissues vascular plants can grow __________ than nonvascular Reproductive Strategies -A _________ is a plant organ that contains an ___________, food supply, & is covered with a protective _________ -the seed protects the embryo from ____________ out & can help with dispersal Alternation of Generations -the ________________ generation results in the development of gametes -all cells of the gametophyte are ____________ -Sporophyte generation begins with ____________________ -all cells of the sporophyte are ____________ & are produced by ____________ & _________ ______________ -Spores are produced in plant body by ____________ & are __________(n) Section 21.2 Survey of the Plant Kingdom Phylogeny of Plants -As plant species evolved they retained many of their old ________________ & also developed _________ ones. -The processes of ______________ & ______________ continue today -A plant division is similar to a _____________ in other kingdoms -Highlights of plant evolution include 1. origin of plants from __________ algae 2. production of a waxy _____________ 3. development of _____________ tissue & ___________ 4. production of ____________ -production of seeds used to separate _______________ into 2 groups -_______-________ plants & _________ plants Non-seed Plants -produce hard-walled reproductive cells called ___________ -includes _____________ & _________________ organisms Hepaticophyta -include small plants called ______________ -______________ plants that grown only in _________ environment -water & nutrients move by ____________ & ______________ -studies suggest that liverworts maybe the ______________ of all ________ Anthocerophyta -sporophytes of these plants resemble the _________ of animals & gives them their common name, _________________ -nonvascular plants grow in ________, _________ habitats & rely of ___________ & _______________ to transport ______________ Bryophyta -mosses -________________ plants the rely on ____________ & _____________ to transport materials -some have ________________ cells that conduct __________ & ________ -mosses are usually less than _______ tall Psilophyta -known as ________ ferns -thin, green _________ -unique _____________ plants, have neither ________ nor ____________ -small scales that are ________, _________, ________________ structures cover each ___________ Lycophyta -club mosses -have stems, ________, & ___________ -usually less than _________ high Arthrophyta -horsetails, are ____________ plants -________, ________ stems surrounded by whorls of ____________ leaves Pterophyta -ferns -most well-known & __________ group of non-seed _____________ plants -leaves are called __________ that vary in length from _______ to _______ Seed Plants Cycadophyta -______________ trees with _________ trunks -produce ________ & _________ cones on separate trees -________: scaly structures that support male & female reproductive structures -_________ are produced in female cones -male cones produce clouds of __________ Ginkophyta -This division has only ___ living species, _________ __________, tree with _________________ leaves -________ & __________ reproductive structures on separate trees -seeds produced on ___________ trees have an ______________ smell Coniferophyta -cone-bearing trees such as _______, _____, __________, & ___________ -vascular _______ plants that produce seeds in _________ -_______________ pines, the _________ _________ living trees, are Members of this plant ________________ Anthophyta -commonly called _____________ plants -largest, _________________ groups of _________ plants on Earth -approximately _____________ species -produce ____________ from which _________ develop -2 classes: ___________________ & ___________________ **Read “Connection to Health” on p. 572. List the 6 plants mentioned in the text & what each treats.