Download File eoct review with answers

EOCT review
1. What is Biology? The study of living things.
2. What are the four characteristics of living things?
a. All organisms are made of cells
b. All organisms need energy for their metabolism
c. All organisms respond to their environment
d. All organisms, reproduce, grow and develop, and have a genetic code.
3. What are the five steps of the scientific process?
a. Observation
b. Forming a hypothesis
c. Testing the hypothesis through experimentation
d. Recording and analyzing the results
e. Evaluating results and drawing a conclusion
4. What is a scientific theory? Theory applies to a well-tested explanation that unifies a
broad range of observations; a hypothesis that has been tested over and over until it has
been proven true but is subject to change.
5. What are the independent (manipulated) variables, dependent variables, controls, and
constants?
a. Independent variable: the condition in an experiment that is changed by the scientist
b. Dependent variable: responding variable; what is measured in an experiment
c. Control: does not receive the independent variable; under normal conditions
d. Constants: conditions in the experiment that cannot change; must be the same with
every sample
6. Which variables are graphed on the X-axis and the Y-axis of a graph?
a. X- axis: independent variable; horizontal
b. Y-axis: dependent variable; vertical
7. Summarize the cell theory.
a. All living things are made of cells
b. Cells are the basic unit of life
c. New cells are produced by existing cells
8. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and give examples.
a. Prokaryotes: have no nucleus, are smaller and more simple, and have no membranebound organelles; bacteria only
b. Eukaryotes: have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and are larger that
prokaryotes: every other cells such as animals, plants, fungi, protists
9. Describe characteristics and functions of: cell membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic
reticulum, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplast, cytoplasm,
cytoskeleton.
a. Nucleus: controls most cell processes and contains hereditary material (DNA); where
DNA replication and RNA transcription occur.
b. Cell membrane: selectively permeable barrier; it only allows certain things to come in
and go out; phospholipid bilayer
c. Endoplasmic reticulum: assembles components of cells membrane and modifies
proteins
d. Ribosome: assemble proteins.
e. Golgi Apparatus: attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins and sends them off to
their final destination.
f. Mitochondria: use energy from food to make high energy compounds (ATP)
g. Cytoplasm: jelly like substance inside the cell that contains the organelles
h. Chloroplast: use energy from the sunlight to make energy rich food molecules (glucose)
10. Compare animal and plant cell.
a) Plant Cell: Contains chloroplasts, cell wall and central vacuole.
b) Animal Cell: no cell wall, chloroplasts, no central vacuole
11. What is homeostasis? The regulation of conditions in an organism
12. What are the different types of passive transport and active transport? Diffusion,
osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
13. Describe the various means of transport through the cell membrane (channels, pumps,
endo- and exocytosis) Endocytosis- Bringing molecules in. Exocytosis- Molecules are
Exiting.
14. Describe the movement of molecules in hypo-, hyper- and isotonic solutions. HypoSwells/ gets bigger, Hyper- Shrinks/ gets smaller, Isotonic- Stays exactly the same.
15. What is the overall reaction of photosynthesis? Identify the reactants and the products.
Photosynthesis
16. Where does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast
17. What is the overall reaction of cellular respiration? Identify the reactants and products
C6H12O6 +O2-------------- CO2 + H2O
18. Where does cellular respiration take place? mitochondria
19. What is fermentation? Releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen
20. What are the two types of fermentation? Alcoholic; in yeasts and lactic acid in muscles
21. How many molecules of ATP are produced during fermentation, glycolysis, and cellular
respiration?
a. Fermentation: 2
b. Glycolysis:2
c. Cellular respiration: 36
22. Describe the structure and function of ATP.
ATP: energy molecule for all cell processes; contains three phosphates and the sugar
adenosine
23. How is ATP formed? ADP+ P----- ATP
ATP- P------ADP+energy
24. Describe the main characteristics of the cell cycle.
a. G1: cell grows, S phase: DNA replication, G2: preparation for mitosis (Interphase)
b. PMAT: Mitosis: cell division
c. Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
25. Contrast body cells and gametes including synonyms for them.
a. Body cells: somatic cell; has 46 chromosomes; diploid 2N (N=23)
b.Gametes: sex cells; 23 chromosomes; haploid (N)
26. How many stages are there in mitosis? 4
27. List the stages of mitosis with a brief description of each.
a. Prophase: chromosomes become visible
b. Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell; spindle fibers pull them
c. Anaphase: chromosomes are separating into sister chromatids
d. Telophase: chromosomes become less visible; and the daughter cells begin to form
28. Describe the products of mitosis. Two identical daughter cells are formed.
29. How many stages are in meiosis? 8
30. What are the stages of meiosis? Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I,
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
31. Describe the products of meiosis and give their synonyms. Germ cells , gametes, sex cells
32. Compare Meiosis to Mitosis.
a. Mitosis: a cell divides; each daughter cell receives a copy of the original cell’s
DNA. Mitosis is need for growth, repair, and replacement of body cells (somatic
cells).
Stages: PMAT
b. Meiosis: reduction division, production of gametes or sex cells; parent cell is
diploid with 46 chromosomes in humans; four gametes are produced which have a
haploid number in humans that is 23 chromosomes.
33. List the four organic compounds, their monomers, and their functions.
a. Carbohydrates: contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; are the main source of
energy in living things
**Monosaccharides: simple sugars that are the building blocks or monomers of
carbohydrates; ex. glucose
**Disaccharides: double sugars Ex. sucrose
**Polysaccharides: many sugars Ex. starches
b. Proteins: contain C, H, O, and N; made of amino acids; build tissues such as bone
and muscle; examples are enzymes; fight disease
c. lipids: contain C, H, O, and N; store energy; Ex. fats and oils
d. nucleic acids: contain C, H, N, P are made of nucleotides( sugars, phosphates, and
bases) ; they store and transmit hereditary materials ( DNA and RNA)
34. What is the structure and function of an enzyme? An enzyme is a protein that acts as a
catalyst which speeds up chemical reactions in cells. Enzymes are specific to substrates.
35. What are solution,solvent,solute? In a solution all compounds are evenly distributed:
solute is the substances that is dissolved, the solvent is he substance in which the solute
dissolves
36. List the four nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA and how they pair. DNA: Adenine,
Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine; A-T C-G
37. What are DNA-replication, transcription, and translation? DNA replication take place in
the nucleus, it produces new complementary strands of DNA ; each strands of DNA;
serves as a template for the new strand
38. What is the difference between DNA and RNA? DNA: sugar deoxyribose, double strand,
and bases A-T and G-C RNA: sugar ribose, single strand, and bases A-U G-C
39. What are the two processes of protein synthesis? Transcription and translation
40. Describe gene therapy. Give an example. A faulty gene is replaced by a normal working
gene. Viruses are used to transfer genes. Ex. Gene for normal hemoglobin is transferred
into bone marrow of a patient with an inherited immune disorder.
41. Describe genotype and phenotype. Giving examples of each. Genotype: Letters or genes
Phenotype: description or physical characteristics
42. Cross Tt x Tt, do a Punnett square to show the percentages of the genotypes and
phenotypes.
43. How is a dihybrid cross different from a monohybrid cross? A dihybid cross includes two
different traits as a monohybrid is one trait
44. Describe dominant and recessive genes. Dominant trait appears in phenotype if genotype
is heterozygous recessive trait doesn’t appear in phenotype if genotype is heterozygous
45. How are alleles and genes alike and different? Alleles are a specific gene. Gene is a
discrete unit of chromosome.
46. What are a pedigrees and karyotypes? Pedigree shows relationships between parents and
offspring as far as recessive and dominant traits.
47. What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis? See p. 272 and describe it.
48. What is evolution? Theory of organisms changing over time.
49. Who developed the theory of evolution? What causes natural variation in organisms of
the same species? Darwin ; cause by inheritatnce
50. What did Lamarck propose how change occurs in species? Lamarck proposed that by
selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their
lifetime and passed them on the their offspring.(inheritance of acquired traits)
51. Explain adaptation, survival of the fittest, and natural selection. Adaptation: any inherited
characteristic that increases an organism’s chances of survival; those organisms able to
adapt are the ones that survive.
52. What is the evidence of evolution? Fossil evidences, vestigial organs, homologous
structures
53. What are genetic drift? Change in allele frequencies due to chance alone, occurring most
commonly in small populations.
54. Explain how reproductive, behavioral, geographic and temporal isolation lead to
speciation.
Reproductive isolation: members of one species cannot reproduce because of the
following:
a. Behavioral isolation: difference is courtship rituals
b. Geographic isolation: rivers, oceans, mountain ranges, and other land forms
separate members of the same species
c. Temporal isolation: reproduce at different times.
55. What is the combined genetic information of all members of a particular population
called? Gene pool
56. What is extinction. Give an example. The elimination of a species from Earth.
DINOSAURS.
57. What is the endosymbiont theory? Is the relationship in which one organism lives within
the body of another, and both benefit from the relationship.
58. Why are chloroplasts and mitochondria thought to have once been bacteria?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have membranes that resemble those of free living
prokaryotes and they both have DNA.
59. What are the six patterns of evolution?
a. Convergent evolution: evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species.
b. Divergent evolution: closely related species evolve in different directions
c. Coevolution: two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other
d. Extinction: the elimination of a species from the Earth
e. Punctuated equilibrium: bursts of evolutionary activity are followed by long periods
of stability
f. Adaptive radiation: the diversification of one ancestral species into many
descendants
60. What does the Hardy-Weinberg state?
He identified 5 conditions needed for a population to stay at equilibrium as follows:
a. Very large population
b. No emigration or immigration
c. No mutations
d. Random mating
e. No natural selection
61. Compare autotrophs and heterotrophs, consumers and producers.
A. Autotrophs are producers: they make their own food with either photosynthesis or
chemosynthesis.
B. Heterotrophs are consumers: they eat other organisms.
62. Describe a food chain, food web, and an energy pyramid. Give examples of each.
Food Chain: energy is stored by a producer and is passed on to consumers in a food chain.
Ex. producer------ consumer (herbivore)------consumer (carnivore)
Food Web: is made of several food chains; a more complex network of feeding
relationships.
Energy Pyramid: about 10% of energy available within one trophic level is transferred to
organisms at the next trophic level.
63. What are the names of the trophic levels in an energy pyramid?
Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers
64. What are biotic and abiotic factors? Give examples of each.
Biotic Factors: all living things in an ecosystem. Ex: plants, animals, fungus, bacteria.
Abiotic Factors: all nonliving things in an ecosystem. Ex. rocks, temperature, water.
65. Define: species, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere.
Is this the correct order for them?
Organism: one specific species.
Population: a group of organisms.
Species: a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
Community: a group of populations.
Ecosystem: a group of communities with abiotic factors.
Biome: an area determined by its location, biotic factors, and abiotic factors.
Biosphere: the entire living world.
66. What is the process in which organisms produce glucose and oxygen using chemicals?
Chemosynthesis. It occurs deep in the ocean.
Where does this occur and what organisms are involved in this process?
Chemosynthesis : deep in the ocean. Bacteria
67. Compare habitat and niche. Give examples of each.
Habitat: the area where the organism lives
Niche: is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives
and the way is uses those conditions.
68. What is a keystone species? Give an example of one.
Keystone species are vital to the environment (beaver: cut down trees).
69. Describe key features of the different biomes. See your graphic organizer.
70. Describe reasons for: global warming, acid rain, ozone depletion
Global warming is caused by too much carbon dioxide in the air, and other greenhouse
gases.
Greenhouse effect is good.
Acid Rain is a Ph of 5 or below
Ozone depletion is caused by aerosol sprays, CFC’s.
71. Describe exponential growth and logistic growth of a population in relation to carrying
capacity. Draw the graph for each.
Exponential growth is a fast growth
Carrying Capacity (it’s a logistic growth).
72. Describe the three types of symbiosis and give examples.
Symbiosis: work together, live together
Commensalism: one benefits and the other is neither hurt nor harmed
Mutualism: the both benefit
Parasitism: one benefits and one is harmed
73. Describe the limiting factors of population growth. There are two types of limiting factor:
independent of the size of the population (a natural catastrophe), Dependent factors
(parasitism, predation, disease)
74. Contrast primary and secondary succession. Give examples.
Primary Succession: No soil caused by volcanic activity or a catastrophe. Pioneer
organisms (moss and lichen) break the rocks.
Secondary Succession: there is soil but no organisms; after a fire
75. What are the seven levels of classification and who came up with the system? Linneaus
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, order, Family, Genus, Species
76. What is a dichotomous key?
Names an organism based on characteristics.
77. Name the three domains and the kingdoms that they cover.
Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia).
78. How are organisms named? According to their physical characteristics.
79. What are the levels of classification of organisms? Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species ( kings play chess on fine gold setting)
80. Which kingdoms are eukaryotes and which ones are prokaryotes? Prokaryotes:
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria. Eukaryotes: Protista, fungi, Animalia, Plantae
81. Describe the structure of a virus and why it is considered non-living.
A virus consists of genetic material surrounded by a protein capsid
DNA and RNA.
82. How can you protect yourself from a viral infection?
Vaccination
83. What are bacteriophages? Viruses that attack bacteria
84. Compare a lytic infection and a lysogenic infection. Lytic infection: an acute infection in
which the virus invades the host cell, makes new virus, and then the cell bursts. The new
viruses infect surrounding cells. Ex. flu or common cold. Lysogenic infection: when the
virus lays dormant in the cells after a lytic infection and during times of stress the person
gets the infection Ex. herpes complex and shingles.
85. Contrast Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. Where are they found? Archaebacteria are the
oldest bacteria found in harsh environments such as volcanic pools. Eubacteria are the
largest group of bacteria found everywhere; they have peptidoglycan in their cell wall
and Archaebacteria do not. Ex. E-coli and strep
86. What is antibiotic resistance in bacteria and how does it occur? Genetic mutations occur
that render bacteria resistant to antibiotics
87. Describe the characteristics of the three types of protists.
a. Animal-like protists: protozoa; heterotrophic
b. Plant-like protists: algae; autotrophic
c. Fungus-like protists: heterotrophic
88. What are the three types of locomotion of protists? Cilia, flagella, and pseudopods
89. Describe the characteristics of fungi.
They are multicellular, contain a nucleus, have a cell wall made of chitin, and digest their
food externally (heterotrophs: decomposers). They are made of hyphae that form an
enormous mycelium. Fungi form fruiting bodies to reproduce.
90. What lichen? Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
such as algae
91. Give examples for beneficial and negative effects of fungi.
a. Beneficial: they are decomposers and recycle nutrients in ecosystems
b. Negative effects: some are pathogens for humans (athelete’s foot)
92. Describe the adaptations of plants.
Ones living on land:
a. Plants retain moisture with a cuticle(waxy layer) and a stomata (specialized cells in
a cuticle) that open and close.
b. The transport water and nutrients through their vascular system. Have lignin and
hard cell walls for standing upright
c. Use pollen and seeds for reproduction on land
93. How are plants classified?
a. Mosses: no roots, stems, or leaves; need water to reproduce.
b. Club mosses and ferns: seedless, vascular plants
c. Seed plants reproduce on land and do not rely on water to reproduce; cone bearing
(coniferous) and flowering plants (deciduous tree, flowers, grass)
94. What are the two types of vascular tissue in plants?
a. Xylem: vascular tissue that transports nutrients and water up to the plant through
the roots.
b. Phloem: vascular tissue that transports glucose throughout the plant.
95. What is cellulose and where is it located in plants? Cellulose is in the cell wall of a plant
and it gives the plant structure.
96. Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant? Leaves and stems
97. Describe plants responses to different stimuli.
a. Phototropism: tendency of a plant to grow towards the light.
b. Thigmotropism: growing response to touch; climbing vines around a pole
c. Gravitropism: growing towards the Earth
d. Hydrotropism: growing towards water.
98. What are the parts of a flower?
a. Sepals: modified leaves that protect the developing flower.
b. Petals: modified leaves inside the sepal that attract pollinators
c. Stamen: male structure of a flower; the stalk supports the anther ; the anther is
where produces pollen
d. Carpel: innermost layer of a flower
e. Ovary: female gametophyte or part where eggs are made; found at the base of a
flower.
99. Describe the phylogeny of animals.
a. Do they have tissues or not?
b. What is their body symmetry? ( bilateral, asymmetric, or radial)
c. What are the developmental patterns? (protostomes or deuterostomes)
100.
How are sessile and motile different?
Sessile means they are not moving but attached to the ocean floor. Motile means they
move.
101.
Describe the characteristics of the different invertebrate phyla.
a. Porifera(sponges): many pores, no tissues, no symmetry, filter feeders, water flows
in through many ostia and out through once oscula
b. Cnidarians: tissues, some specialized cells, radial symmetry. Ex. Jelly fish, sea
anemones, corals, hydra, body plan: hollow sac surrounded by tentacles, contain
stinging cells; life cycle with medusa and polyp, some live in colonies (corals).
c. Worms: tissues, bilateral symmetry, 3 types:
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes), one way digestive system, no true body cavity
Roundworms (Nematodes), two way digestive system, simple organs
Segmented worms (Annelids), real organs, segmented body, closed circulatory system
with hearts.
D. Mollusks: organs and organ systems, soft body and shell, there are three groups of
mollusks:
1. Bivalves: clams, oysters, filer feeders, gills, one heart, open circulatory system
2. Gastropods: snails, respiratory system: gills or moist body cavity
3. Cephalopods: octopus, squid, gills, closed circl. System
E. Arthropods: hard outer shell(exoskeleton made of chitin). Grow by molting,
segmented body, jointed appendages, most abundant animals on earth. Open circ.
System, book lungs, highly developed nervous system. Three types:
1. Arachnids(spiders and mites): 4 pair of legs, 2 part body
2. Crustaceans(crabs, barnacles, pillbug): 2 pair of antenna
3. Insects(300 million. For every human): three pairs of legs, 3 body parts
F. Echinodermata: starfish, sea urchin, sand dollar: radial symmetry, deuterostomes
(mouth and anus), calcium carbonate plates under the skin, no head or brain, nervous
system, tube feet with suckers, ability to regenerate when cut in half.
102.
What is chitin? Tough protective polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of
fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods and other animals.
103.
What are the three body sections of an insect? Head, thorax, and abdomen. They
have three pairs of legs (six legs)
104.
Describe the characteristics of the different classes of vertebrates. What are the
derived characters in the vertebrate cladogram?
Chordates share the following characteristics:
a. dorsal, hollow, nerve chord (spinal chord)
b. notochord: develops into a backbone
c. a tail at some stage of development
Five classes of chordates:
1. Fishes: aquatic, paired fins, gills, scales, closed circulatory system, 2-chambered
heart, kidneys, external fertilization, well-developed brain, lateral line part of the
nervous system, swim bladder.
2. Amphibians (double life): live in water as larva, herbivores, and breathe with gills,
live on land as adults, carnivores, and breath with lungs; 3-chambered heart,
external fertilization in water, moist skin, kidneys, cloaca Ex. frogs, toads,
salamander
3. Reptiles: dry, scaly skin, lungs, leathery amniotic egg on land, internal fertilization,
able to live on land exclusively, closed circulatory system, 3-chambered heart
except in crocodiles and alligators a four-chambered heart. Ex. snakes, turtles,
lizards.
4. Birds (Aves): Maintain a constant body temperature (endotherms), have feathers
(contour for flying and down for warmth), two legs covered with scales, front limbs
modified into wings, light weight hollow bones, air sacs, closed circulatory system,
and a 4-chambered heart. Ex. penguins, ostrich, emu, robin, flamingo
5. Mammals: have hair, mammary glands for nursing their young, endotherms, 4chambered heart, most developed brains, embryo develops in the uterus for
placental mammals, in the pouch for marsupials such as kangaroo and opossums,
and in eggs with monotremes such as the duckbill platypus.
105.
What is the difference between an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton? Endoskeleton is
on the inside like a bear or human and has a backbone; exoskeleton is on the outside like a roach or
crab.
106. What is an amniotic egg? Reptiles were the first organisms to have an amniotic egg. It
contains an embryo with a yolk sack for nutrition.
107. Which animals have a placenta and what is its purpose? Mammals connects the baby to
the mother for nutrition
108. What are three types of symmetry in animals? Give examples. Asymmetric, bilateral,
radial
109. Compare endotherms and ectoderms. Give examples of each. Endotherms control their
own temp.
110. What are the adaptations that birds have that allow them to fly? They have hollow bones a
pointed sternum and they don’t eat much 