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Rome: Republic and Empire
The Italian Peninsula
A. Central location in the Mediterranean Sea. Extends from Europe to the
shores of Africa.
B. Ideally situated to be the center of trade between Europe, Asia and Africa.
C. Rich soil and mild climate provide agricultural opportunities.
D. Silt deposits blocked many streams forming mosquito laden swamps.
This causes recurring epidemics of malaria as well as other mosquito
transmitted diseases.
E. Alps in the north cut off Italy from the rest of Europe.
F. Few good harbors along the rocky and marshy coastline.
Early Peoples
A. Archaeological remains suggest that settlements were formed as early as
c. 5000 BC.
B. Between 2000 BC and 1000 BC Indo-European migrations absorb /
overwhelm Neolithic settlements.
C. Three main cultures inhabit the peninsula:
1. Umbrians in the north.
2. Latins in the central plain (Latium).
3. Oscans in the south.
D. 900 BC to 500 BC northern Italy ruled by the Etruscans.
1. Etruscan society made up of wealthy overlords, aristocratic priests
and slave laborers.
2. After repeated revolts, the Etruscan lower classes and other Italian
peoples freed themselves.
The Rise of Rome
A. Legend: 753 BC Romulus is the founder of Rome.
B. Reality: Sometime between 800 BC and 700 BC the Latins agreed to
form one community by joining those villages found on seven nearby hills.
C. Around 620 BC the Etruscans gained control of Rome.
D. The Tarquins would provide the kings that would rule Rome.
E. The following occurred during Etruscan rule:
1. marshy lowlands drained
2. Forum created
3. building with brick introduced
4. roof houses with tile
5. religious rituals adopted
6. Rome becomes one of the wealthiest in Italy
F. 534 BC Tarquins driven out of Rome. Skilled Etruscans remain allowing
the city to prosper.
1
Society and Social Groups
A. Under Etruscan rule a new wealthy aristocratic class was created. These
nobles were called patricians.
B. The patricians declared Rome a republic after successful revolt.
C. Remaining population of Rome were plebeians. This includes all nonaristocratic members of the society regardless of economic status.
D. Both groups had rights and responsibilities such as:
1. right to vote
2. hold public office (patricians only)
3. pay taxes
4. serve in military
The Roman Republic
A. Control of the government was in the hands of the patricians.
B. Two consuls, heads of state, were elected annually by an assembly of all
adult citizens.
C. Consuls were chief judges and generals of the army. They oversaw other
executive officials such as:
1. praetors
2. censors
D. The consuls were attended by lictors. The lictor's main task was to
attend as bodyguards. Each lictor carried a bundle of rods, fasces,
surrounding an axe as a symbol of the consul’s power of punishment.
E. One consul could veto, another consuls decision. (Veto is Latin for “I
forbid”.)
F. The only person that had more power than a consul was a dictator. This
person was chosen in time of crisis and held power for a period of six
months.
G. Only patricians could hold high public office and sit in the Senate
(senex=old man in Latin).
H. Assembly can only vote on magistrates’ proposals and the Senate can
reject any vote. This guarantees patrician control of the Republic.
2
The Conflict of Orders
A. In the early years of the Roman Republic, patricians controlled all the
religious and political offices; plebeians had no right of appeal against
decisions of the patrician government, since no laws were codified or
published.
B. The struggle of the plebeians to gain rights and an opportunity for
advancement within Roman society and political structures is known as
“the conflict of orders.”
C. The one advantage plebeians had over patricians lay in their numbers,
and they used this effectively through the strategy of secession
(secessio), withdrawal or the threat of withdrawal from the Roman state
during times of crisis.
D. The major accomplishments of the plebeians were:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
494 BCE: traditional date of the First Secession of the Plebs,
during which they established their own assembly (the Concilium
Plebis) and elected their own magistrates, the Tribunes and the
Plebeian Aediles.
450 BCE: traditional date of the Law of the Twelve Tables, the first
codification of Roman law
445 BCE: patricians and plebeians were permitted to intermarry
367 BCE: plebeians became eligible for the consulship
342 BCE: law passed making it mandatory that one of the two
Consuls must be a plebeian
339 BCE: law passed making it mandatory that one of the two
Censors must be a plebeian
300 BCE: half of the priesthoods (which were also state offices)
must be plebeian
287 BCE: Third Secession, won the concession that all plebiscites,
measures passed in the Concilium Plebis, had the force of laws for
the whole Roman state.
Roman Militarism and Expansion
A. 500 BC to 300 BC Rome faces threats within the Italian Peninsula.
B. Rome conquers or forms alliances in order to protect the republic.
C. By 264 BC Rome rules the entire peninsula.
D. Conquered cities treated as allies with the rights and responsibilities of
full citizenship. Citizenship NOT hereditary as it was in Greece.
3
Rome and Carthage
A. The conquest of southern Italy brings Rome into contact with Sicily.
B. Sicily occupied by two peoples:
1. east occupied by Greek cities
2. west occupied Carthage
C. Carthage was:
1. Founded in 800 BC by Phoenician colonists.
2. Ruled by a shrewd commercial class.
3. The most powerful state in northern Africa.
4. An industrial city with a population of nearly 1 million.
5. An empire that stretched across North Africa and into Spain.
The Punic Wars
The First Punic War
A. The First Punic War was fought between 264-241BC.
B. Control of Sicily was the primary issue.
C. Rome was unwilling to have a strong enemy so close.
D. Rome=larger army, Carthage=larger navy
E. Rome is victorious when they turn naval battles into land battles. The
invention and deployment of the corvus (raven or crow in Latin) gives
Rome victory.
F. Carthage agrees to withdraw from Sicily and pay a large indemnity.
(Indemnities were payable in talents. Modern conversion is 1 talent = $1
million ) Both sides agree to maintain existing borders &/or territiories.
(Sicily becomes Rome’s first province outside of the Italian Peninsula.)
The Second Punic War
A. The 2d Punic War lasted from 218-202 BC.
B. Causes:
1. Carthage expands power in Spain an attacks Suguntum an ally of
Rome.
2. Rome seizes the Carthaginian islands of Sardinia and Corsica.
C. Carthaginian forces, under Hannibal Barca, move from Spain into Gaul
and then cross the Alps into northern Italy.
D. Hannibal remains in Italy for 15 years. Unable to secure victory and is
forced to leave the Italy when the Romans invade North Africa.
E. At the Battle of Zama, the Romans led by Scipio were victorious.
Carthage agrees to:
1. Gave Spain to Rome
2. Handed over all of their warships to Rome
3. Paid another large indemnity.
4. Never go to war without Rome’s consent.
4
The Third Punic War
A. The 3d Punic War is from 149-146 BC.
B. Carthaginian trade begins to thrive despite huge indemnity.
C. Jealousy and envy of rich Romans is the cause of this conflict.
D. Senators such as Cato end each speech in the Senate with “Carthago
delenda est!” (Carthage must be destroyed!).
E. Carthage uses military in self-defense against the Numidians who had
been raiding Carthaginian lands in the southwest.
F. Rome uses this as an excuse to go to war. Rome lays siege to Carthage
for two years. Carthage was burned. The surviving population was sold
into slavery, and agricultural areas salted.
Expansion towards the East
A. During the 2d Punic War Macedonia allies itself with Carthage.
B. Rome moves east for revenge.
C. Rome soon gains control of Greece, Egypt and Syria.
D. Some rulers handed Rome their kingdoms after their death.
The Results of the Punic Wars
A. Rome was now a naval as well as a military power.
B. Professional army replaces citizen militia.
C. Class distinctions became more pronounced.
D. Rome becomes master of the Mediterranean.
Civil War and Expansion
A. With empire came the eventual downfall of the republican form of
government.
B. The old ideals of simplicity and hard work had been replaced by to
worship of power and wealth. Honesty and self-sacrifice had given way to
corruption and ambition.
Problems
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
The Roman government faced three major problems:
1. Satisfying the discontented lower classes.
2. Reforming the administration of the provinces.
3. Creating and maintaining border defenses.
Neither the government nor the Senate were able to overcome
selfishness and greed to make changes.
Centuries of warfare had brought misery to small farmers and
landowners of Italy.
Local farmers could not compete with cheap grain from the provinces or
slave labor.
Landless farmers move to Rome and live in tenements on government
supplied grain.
Tiberius Gracchus, a young noble, demands that public lands be divided
among the poor.
Tiberius is assassinated in a riot as a means of stopping his reforms.
5
H.
I.
Tiberius’ brother Gaius was elected to the Senate. He wanted to reduce
the Senate’s power and redistribute lands. He was eliminated shortly
after his election.
The deaths of the Gracchi began nearly 100 years of civil war.
Class Warfare: Marius v. Sulla
A. After the death of the Gracchi the people’s party elected Marius, a
successful general, consul six times.
B. He is chosen not for political skill but because of battlefield victories.
C. During Marius’s rule a young aristocrat named Sulla becomes leader of
the Senatorial party.
D. The Senate tasks Sulla with invading Asia Minor. Not to be outdone the
Assembly picks Marius for the same operation.
E. Sulla is victorious but while he is away the people’s party takes over
Rome and eliminates the Senatorial leadership.
F. When Sulla returned he sought revenge and took the title of perpetual
dictator.
G. Sulla makes the Assembly and tribunes give up their powers. He dies
soon after.
The First Triumvirate
A. With Sulla’s death the people’s party elects Pompey, one of Sulla’s
generals, as consul.
B. After repealing the more hated laws Pompey is given command of the
military.
C. Pompey conquers Asia Minor and extends Roman control westward. He
also eliminated the Mediterranean pirates.
D. On his return to Rome, Pompey made an alliance with two other powerful
men, Crassus (financial) and Caesar (politician). This alliance was the
First Triumvirate.
Pompey v. Caesar
A. To gain a military reputation Caesar obtains an army tasked with the
conquest of Gaul.
B. In a series of brilliant campaigns he conquered Gaul, drove the Germans
behind the Rhine and moved into Britain.
C. His popularity increased and he was seen as a threat to the Senate. The
Senate convinces Pompey to eliminate Caesar.
D. Caesar crosses the Rubicon River and entered Rome in 49 BC.
E. By 45 BC Caesar had crushed all opposition, he transferred all powers of
the Senate and tribunes to himself. He then named himself dictator for
life.
6
Caesar as Dictator
A. He undertakes colonizing projects to siphon off idle population.
B. He created plans for rebuilding the city of Rome as well as public works
throughout the empire.
C. He began to reform the provincial governments.
D. Introduced a revised calendar of 12 months and 365¼ days.
E. Caesar was assassinated by a group of Senators on March 15, 44 BC.
Antony v. Octavian
A. Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son/grand-nephew) and Antony (Caesar’s
chief lieutenant) combined with Lepidus to form the Second Triumvirate.
B. The Second Triumvirate defeats the Senatorial forces and divide Roman
territory among themselves.
C. Lepidus is driven out by Octavian. Eventually, Octavian would go to war
against Antony.
D. In the naval battle of Actium (31BC), Octavian is victorious and becomes
undisputed ruler of the Roman Empire.
The End of the Republic
A. Octavian rules until his death in 14 AD.
B. He let people believe in the “Republic” by allowing the Senate, Assembly,
and magistrates to “go through the motions” but he held supreme
authority.
C. He commanded the army, conducted foreign affairs, supervised the
administration of the provinces.
Octavian, a.k.a. Augustus Caesar, maintained his popularity by giving out
free food and spending on public works, his simple lifestyle and his
refusal to accept a crown.
D. His titles included:
1. Augustus = Majestic Caesar
2. Imperator = General
3. Princeps = First Citizen
Rome under Augustus
A. During the long reign of Augustus the following occurred:
1. public order restored
2. the army was reorganized
3. provincial governments were improved
4. construction projects completed
5. Rome was beautified
6. art and literature flourished
7
The Successors of Augustus
A. The emperors that follow Augustus are called the Julian Emperors since
they are related to Julius Caesar in some way.
1. Tiberius
2. Caligula
3. Claudius
4. Nero
B. Following Nero’s death the empire was ruled for army backed emperors
for 28 years.
C. In 96 AD the Senate placed their own candidate, Nerva, on the throne. He
is the first of the Good Emperors.
1. Nerva
2. Trajan-increased empire’s size
3. Hadrian-strengthens borders of the empire
4. Antonius Pious-maintains prosperity of the empire
5. Marcus Aurelius-increases height of prosperity
The Pax Romana
A. From the reign of Augustus to the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD)
there was peace within the boundaries of the Roman Empire. This time
period is called the Pax Romana or Roman Peace.
B. Inside the empire industry, trade and commerce expanded and cities
flourished.
1. On the frontiers the legions were always busy.
Administration of the Empire
A. The known world obeyed the emperor of Rome.
B. The governors of the provinces and armies on the borders answered to
him.
C. A body of trained officials administered the government.
D. In 212 AD citizenship was granted to all freemen throughout the empire.
Roman Law
A. The Twelve Tables was the foundation of Roman law.
B. The code stressed broad principals and gave judges great freedom in
deciding cases.
C. Older, harsher features were gradually replaced with a more just and
humane system.
D. This system of law and administration is one of the greatest contributions
to civilization. It has far-reaching influence on:
1. the law of the Catholic Church –canon law
2. the legal systems of Western Europe and those areas colonized by
Western Europeans
8
Roman Economy
A. Artisans in Italy produced finely crafted goods for sale throughout the
empire.
B. The provinces sent luxury items, raw materials and finished goods to
Rome.
C. Roman trade networks connected Britain in the west with China in the
east.
Roman Decline
A. The empire faced many problems which would eventually destroy it.
B. Political
1. Political instability following the death of Marcus Aurelius. 80
emperors in less than 100 years.
2. Political unrest encourages barbarian incursions.
3. The populace lost interest in government and public affairs.
C. Economic
1. Never-ending conflict paralyzed trade and industry.
2. High taxes virtually eliminate the middle class.
3. The gulf between rich and poor grew wider.
D. Military
4. Military weakness allowed barbarian invasions to increase.
5. Roman population centers being overrun by invaders.
Attempts to Reform Fail
A. Diocletian splits empire into two parts to make governing easier.
B. He issues the Edict of Prices to eliminate inflation.
C. Constantine makes jobs hereditary and has employees chained to
positions.
D. He moves the capital to Byzantium and renames the city Constantinople.
E. Theodosius permanently splits the empire.
End of the Western Empire
A. Germanic and Hun invasions devastate Italy and the empire.
B. Vandals sack Rome in 455 AD.
C. Franks and Goths divide Gaul.
D. Odoacer kills the emperor and names himself King of Italy in 476 AD.
E. With no new emperor the Roman Empire ceases to exist.
9
RISE OF ISLAM
Arabian Peninsula
a. Area = approximately 1 million sq. mi.
b. Between Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea
c. Two distinct geographic regions
 SW is well-watered valleys and mountains
 Remainder is arid plains and deserts
d. Oases provide permanent source of water used by three distinct
economic groups:
 farmers
 herders
 travelers
e. Peninsula crossed for centuries by travelers: herders & caravans
q strong reliance on family ties and organizations.
f. Arab civilizations in region date to c. 3000 BC minimum.
Growth of Towns
a. 500s AD towns become more common.
b. settlements appear around oases or in fertile valleys.
c. Merchants found market towns.
j. Makkah (Mecca) becomes most important.
j. 50 miles from Red Sea.
j. Located on a commercial crossroad.
d. Arabs are Polytheistic at this time.
r Kaaba = peninsula’s holiest shrine.
r Contains statues of Arab deities
r Pilgrims come to worship gives merchants economic
opportunities.
Stirrings of Change
a. Business ties begin to replace family ties
b. Old moral / ethical rules becoming obsolete
c. Byzantine and Persian Empires threaten to take Arab lands.
d. No Arab unity.
e. Religious ideas in flux.
M Byzantines, Ethiopians, and Jews introduce monotheism.
M Byzantines and Ethiopians = Christianity
M Jews = Judaism
M Holy men (hanifs) denounce idols and accept / stress the
ideal of one god.
M Dissatisfied Arabs leave idols and look for truly Arab
religion.
10
INTRODUCTION OF ISLAM
Muhammad
a.
Muhammad born in Makkah c. 570 AD
b.
Orphaned and raised by an uncle.
c.
Worked as a caravan leader.
Q Exceptionally capable and honest
d. Employer makes Muhammad head of operations then proposes
marriage.
e. Muhammad now free from economic worries.
Y Distraught over greed, idolatry, mistreatment of city poor.
Y Focuses on life and lifestyle issues.
Y Fasting and praying for guidance and enlightenment.
Revelation, Persecution, Escape
a. 610 AD Muhammad experiences a revelation.
a He hears a voice claiming to be from the one true God (Allah).
a Tells him to be an apostle for Allah.
a Muhammad is to recite / warn about divine judgement.
b. Shares his revelations with family and friends in 613 AD.
a Preaches to city population about Allah and that all must
worship and obey him.
aAll are equal and that rich should share wealth with poor.
aGod measures worth by devotion and deeds.
aGive life to preparing for judgment.
c. First Muslims from family, friends, poor of Makkah.
d. Opposition mainly from wealthy and religious leadership.
a Concerned that monotheism would end pilgrimages.
a No pilgrimages would mean economic depression and ruin.
a Muslims persecuted.
e. Threats force Muhammad to seek outside help.
f. 622 AD sends +/- 60 families to Yathrib.
g. He follows in secret this is called the Hajira (emigration).
a Start of the Islamic calendar.
h. Yathrib welcomes Muhammad as Allah’s messenger and names him
leader.
i. City renamed Madinat al-Nabi for City of the Prohet (Madinah).
11
The Islamic State
a. Madinah Compact of 624 creates the foundations for a government
based on Islam.
b. Government organized around following principals:
a Loyalty to the Islamic community above ALL others.
a Disputes judged by Muhammad.
a Life and lifestyle based upon divine teachings / revelations of
Muhammad. (Now based upon the Quran.)
a Protection extended to all who accept political authority of
Islamic community.
c. Makkah attacks Medinah and is defeated.
d. 630 AD Muhammad enters Makkah.
a Islamic conversion follows.
a Idols destroyed.
e. 631 AD Arabian peninsula is under Islamic control.
f. 632 AD Muhammad dies after a brief illness.
Beliefs / Practices of Islam
a. Quran = messages revealed to Muhammad by the Angel Gabriel.
a The Quran took 20 years to assemble after Muhammad’s death.
a Describes basic moral values and daily rules of conduct.
b. Shari’ ah = Legal code
a Covers all aspects of Muslim public and private life.
c. Five Pillars
FAITH
PRAYER
ALMS
FASTING
PILGRIMAGE
The Spread of Islam
A. No clear successor after Muhammad’s death.
B. Prominent Muslims choose new leader in 632 AD. Becomes
Khalifah (Caliph or Successor).
C. First four caliphs elected for life. They are related to Muhammad
in one way or another.
D. These followed the example of Muhammad’s life. They became
known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
E. The Rightly Guided Caliphs seek to protect and spread Islam.
F. Arab armies attack the Byzantine and Persian Empires.
G. By 650 AD Palestine, Syria, Iraq and Persia are under Islamic
control.
12
The Umayyad Dynasty
A. The Umayyad Dynasty rules from 661 to 750 AD.
B. They spread Islam east to the borders of India and China and west
across North Africa and into Spain.
C. During their rule a schism develops in Islam over who should rule.
1. Sunni = any devout Muslim can be caliph.
2. Shiite = only descendants of Muhammad can be caliph.
D. Effects of Umayyad rule are:
1. Unification of Arab lands.
2. Arabic becomes the official language.
3. Mint the first universal coinage.
4. Built roads and postal routes to connect the empire.
5. Created a permanent civil service to run the empire.
6. Practiced religious tolerance.
The Abbasid Dynasty
A. By 747 AD anti-Umayyad and non-Muslim forces have undermined
Umayyad control.
B. The Abbasids come to power and rule the Islamic state from 7501258.
C. The diverse ethic groups in the empire force the Abbasids to
distribute power equally among all of the faithful.
1. Persians become dominant in government.
2. Turks dominate the military.
3. Arabs maintain control of religion and law.
D. The empire crumbles as kingdoms break away.
E. In 1258 the Mongols conquer Baghdad killing 50,000.
13
The Middle Ages
500AD The Roman, urban world destroyed
A.
Trade declined or non-existent
B.
Cities, bridges, roads, infrastructure in disrepair
C.
Law and order has vanished
D.
Education minimal
E.
Money economy no longer viable
F.
Village is the center of life.
THE DARK AGES
The Franks:
A.
B.
C.
Franks settle in France and western Germany.
481 AD, Clovis becomes first Christian king of the Franks.
W/in a century kingdom is in decline due to family fights. (Inheritance
split evenly.)
700 AD, Mayors of the Palace have more power than the kings.
A.
714 AD Charles Martel (a.k.a. Charles the Hammer), becomes Mayor of
the Palace
B.
He leads Christian/French forces against Muslim invaders at Battle of
Tours. (732 AD)
C.
752 AD, Pepin the Short (the Hammer’s son), is crowned king. Start of
the Carolingian Dynasty. Gets blessing of the Pope. Start of Divine
Right kingship.
D.
771 AD Charlemagne (a.k.a. Carolus Magnus or Charles the Great)
becomes king.
14
Charlemagne’s Empire
A.
During his reign he increases his holdings to include:
Q Germany
Q France
Q northern Spain
Q most of Italy
B.
First time Europe is ruled by one central government since the fall of
Rome.
C.
Charlemagne the Civilizer
q Founds monasteries
q Supports the church and encourages learning.
q Invites foreign scholars to court
q Creates schools throughout his empire.
D.
Charlemagne the Statesman
q Divides land into districts governed by
officials called counts.
q Counts maintain order and enforce royal laws
called
capitularies.
q Royal messengers travel through realm and
report.
E. Charlemagne’s grandsons fight over his lands. Eventually sign Treaty of
Verdun (843) which divides empire into three parts.
F. Other influences caused the decline of central authority:
1. Barbarian / Viking incursions along coast
2. Slavs / Magyars attack from west
3. Moslems invade from the south
4. Without central protection locals looked for a strong leader for
protection. This is the basis for the developing feudal system.
15
Feudalism
A. Decentralized system of government that stresses alliances of protection.
Based on land for loyalty.
B. Begins in France in 900s AD. Throughout Europe by 1000s.
C. Charles Martel develops fiefs to defray high costs of armored mounted
warriors.
D. Society organized accordingly:
KING
|
NOBLE LORDS
|
PEASANTS
E. Vassal owes loyalty and service to those above him.
F. Homage is the ceremony in which a vassal pledges allegiance to a lord in
return for a fiefdom.
G. Vassal agrees to:
1. Provide knights for 40-60 days service
2. Serve in lord’s court
3. Provide food and lodging for visiting lord
4. Contribute to wedding gift or armor of lord’s children
5. pay ransom
Manorial System
A. Economic system based upon agricultural produce of the estate or
manor.
B. Feudal wealth was based upon peasant labor.
C. Manor / estate includes:
1. manor house / castle
2. pastures
3. fields
4. forests
5. village
D. Peasants provide service for protection
1. farm land
2. pay for goods
3. various other labors
E. Manors self-sufficient
F. Peasants initially able to leave land but serfs cannot. This changes over
time until neither can leave.
G. The system provides limited or no opportunity for most people. Goal is to
create a stable and secure lifestyle.
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The Crusades
A.
B.
C.
At the Council of Clermont in November 1095, Pope Urban II, calls for action
to free the Holy Land from infidel control. “Deus vult!”=God wills it!
Knights and peasants join expeditions for a variety of reasons.
1. Knights see a chance to fight.
2. Peasants become free from feudal bonds.
3. All are promised salvation if killed.
4. All expect to have an adventure and get wealth.
There were eight crusades
First Crusade 1096-1099: Jerusalem falls to Crusaders. Most of nonChristian inhabitants killed.
Second Crusade 1147-1149: Unsuccessful, Christian territory previously
lost remains in Seljuk hands. Jerusalem still in Christian hands.
Third Crusade 1189-1192: Jerusalem is conquered by Muslim leader
Saladin in 1187. “Crusade of Kings” does not succeed despite victories in
the field. Saladin does allow pilgrims access to the city however.
4th through 8th Crusades 1202-1270: More political than religious in
nature. Goal was to hold onto lands for wealth and power. Eventually all
lands revert to Islamic control.
Effects of the Crusades:
1. Fails to free the Holy Land.
2. Breaks down feudalism.
3. Increases central monarchs’ authority.
a. Taxes to kings
b. Deaths of nobles w/o heirs
4. Serfs allowed to purchase freedom.
5. Classical Greek and Roman texts reach Western Europe. Renews interest
in literature and art.
6. Increased trade improves wealth of cities and towns. Especially true in
Italy.
7. Demand for luxury goods increases.
8. Technology improved.
a. Better ships
b. More accurate maps
c. Magnetic compass
d. Siege techniques
e. Weaponry
f. Fortification construction
17
Economic Expansion
Agricultural Advances
A. New, heavier plow opens up new farmland in northwestern Europe.
Increases food production.
B. Nobles and freeholders (peasants not tied to the land) migrate to new areas.
C. Collar harness replaces ox yoke. Allows horses to replace ox for plowing
duties. Horses increase production.
D. Three-field system used for planting.
Economic Advancements
Trade
A. Sea and river routes connect western Europe with the Mediterranean,
eastern Europe, and Scandanavia.
B. Italian towns controlled the Mediterranean trade.
1. Venice, Pisa, Genoa
C. Flanders (includes northern France and southern Belgium) is the center of
trade on north European coast.
D. Towns along Baltic coast control trade between eastern Europe and the
North Atlantic.
Banking
A. Barter system impractical. Common medium of exchange needed.
B. Money economy revived but caused problems.
1. different currencies carry different values.
2. Moneychangers determine values and exchange currencies.
C. Procedures developed for:
1. transferring funds
2. received deposits
3. arranged loans
D. Money economy is a problem for feudal classes.
1. Kings, nobles and clergy depend on money from banks.
2. Loans paid back by selling of lands, taxes, or money instead of feudal
services.
E. Serfs able to buy freedom means that feudal system weakened.
Towns
A.
B.
C.
D.
Number of towns increase during 1100s.
Many beside well-traveled roads or waterways.
Walls surround urban center for protection.
Almost no sanitation:
1. constant stench from garbage and sewage tossed into streets.
2. rapid spread of diseases.
a. Black Death / Bubonic Plague 1348-1350 kills 1/3 of
Europe’s population.
b. This causes more peasant mobility, further weakening feudal
system.
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Guilds
A. Merchants and artisans were organized into guilds.
B. Primary purpose was to maintain a monopoly.
1. Severe restrictions placed on foreigners in the city.
2. Uniform pricing of goods.
C. Craft guilds regulate work of artisans.
D. Strict rules concerning:
1. prices
2. wages
3. employment
4. advertising (prohibited)
5. quality control
E. Craft Guilds organization:
1. masters owned own shops/tools employ less skilled artisans.
2. apprentices work w/o pay until they reach next skill level.
3. journeyman received pay and could only work under a master. To
become a master a journeyman submits a sample of work –
masterpiece – for approval.
Rise of the Middle Class
A. Medieval town, or burg, created the name for a new social class.
B. Different names in different regions.
1. Germany = burghers
2. France = bourgeoisie
3. England = burgesses
C. Originally means any person living in a town. Comes to mean people who
made their living through money economy.
D. Made up of merchants, bankers, artisans that did not rely on the land for a
living.
E. Kings depend on money economy allows leading merchants and bankers to
become royal advisors.
Town Government
A. City population does not fit into feudal system.
B. Resent owing taxes and services to lords.
C. Lords fear wealth and power of middle class.
D. Wealth of towns allows middle class to be victorious against feudal lords.
E. Different results in various parts of Europe:
1. Italian towns become independent city-states.
2. Other areas charters given to towns by kings and nobles.
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Universities
A. Originally a group of students and scholars rather than a place.
B. Regular schedule of classes.
C. Rules established the obligations of teacher and students.
D. Students must pass an examination in order to earn a degree and become a
teacher.
E. By 1200s universities spread throughout Europe:
1. Southern European universities modeled after the school at Bologna,
Italy focus on law and medicine.
2. Northern European universities modeled after the University of Paris
and focus on liberal arts and theology.
F. Course of study included:
1. Latin classics
2. Roman law
3. Greek philosophy
4. Islamic science
G. New type of learning emphasized reason and faith.
The Hundred Years War
Causes of the Conflict:
1. Feudal relationship between the kings of France and England.
2. Growing English commercial dominance in Flanders.
3. French influence in Scotland and their assistance to the Scots in their
wars against the English.
4. King Edward the Third of England claims the French throne.
The First Period of Warfare
1. Major English victories at Crecy and Poitiers in 1356.
A.
English archers superior over armored, mounted knights.
B. English too few to hold territory. French regain most territory by
death of Edward the Third in 1377.
C. Neither side keeps up with many truces during the time period.
The Second Period of Warfare
1. Great victory at Agincourt by King Henry V of England in 1415. Ends
Burgundian v. Armagnac civil war in France.
2. English conquest of France is inevitable until 1429.
A. Joan of Arc takes command of French forces in Orleans.
B. Joan gains a victory. French morale soars. English morale plummets.
C. Peasants fight as guerillas. This marks the start of French
nationalism.
D. Joan captured by Burgundians and turned over to English.
E. Joan tried as a heretic and burned at the stake.
F. French renew efforts to defeat English; English morale plummets
G. Peace of Arras ends the Burgundian - Armagnac civil war. Deprives
English of French allies.
H. Truce of Tours is a 5 year peace.
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The Third Period of Warfare
1.
During the Truce of Tours the French had gained a technological
superiority over the English and enforced internal stability.
2.
Battle of Formigny French victory and start of collapse of English in
France.
3.
Fall of Bordeaux in 1453 virtually ends the Hundred Years war.
Effects of the Hundred Years War
A. International Effects
1. Hastening of feudalism’s end. Rise of strong
central monarchies.
2. Longbow and firearms made knights and
castles obsolete.
3. Military tech. expensive. Monarchs turn to
townspeople and lower nobility for revenue.
4. Taxes paid willingly in return for security
and good government.
B. England
1.
Lose French throne and all feudal holdings.
2.
Pride in victories inspires nationalism.
3.
Parliament’s power increased at the
expense of royal authority.
4.
Wars of the Roses fought in England.
a. Lancaster = red rose
b. York = white rose
5.
War fought from 1455 – 1485.
6. Ends at Battle of Bosworth Field
a. victor Henry Tudor becomes Henry VII
b. start of the Tudor Dynasty
7. English monarchy becomes stronger
throughout Tudor dynasty because:
a. Henry eliminates rivals
b. Avoided expensive foreign wars
c. Enforced royal power over lords and nobles.
8. Tudor dynasty rules until 1603.
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C. France
1. French countryside devastated by armies.
2. Feudal lords’ death allows French king to
solidify direct control of nation in his hands.
3. Absolute rule in France limits power of the
Estates General.
4. Reforms of King Louis IX unified and
strengthened France. The reforms included:
a. strengthened bureaucracy
b. kept nobles under royal control
c. promotion of trade and agriculture
D. Spain
1. Did not fight in the Hundred Years’ War.
Fought the Reconquista.
2. Christian northern Spain versus Muslims.
3. 1250 AD 3 main Christian kingdoms were:
a. Portugal in the west
b. Castile in the center
c. Aragon in the east
4. 1469 AD Ferdinand of Aragon and
Isabella of Castille married.
5. Monarchy strengthened by having:
a. royal officials govern towns.
b. special courts enforce royal laws
6. 1492 AD Granada, last Islamic stronghold
in Spain, falls.
7. End of Reconquista and end of tolerance.
a. ALL Spaniards had to be Catholic
b. Spanish Inquisition created
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