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GREECE
THE MINOANS
• THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION WAS
CENTERED ON THE ISLAND OF CRETE
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. THEY
TRADED WITH EGYPT AND THE NEAR
EAST. THEY WROTE IN A SCRIPT
CALLED LINEAR A. THIS SCRIPT IS
INDECIPHERABLE TODAY AND NOT
MUCH OF IT REMAINS FOR LINGUISTS
TO STUDY.
• THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION WAS
REDISCOVERED BY A BRITISH
ARCHAEOLOGIST NAMED ARTHUR
EVANS IN 1900. EVANS WAS LEADING
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIG NEAR THE
CITY OF KNOSSOS AND DISCOVERED
SOME BURIED STRUCTURES. HE AND
HIS CREW AS WELL AS OTHERS
WORKED TO RESTORE AND REBUILD
SOME STRUCTURES.
THE MINOANS
• ON THE WALLS OF SOME OF THE STRUCTURES, EVANS
FOUND COLORFUL FRESCOES THAT DEPICTED MINOAN LIFE
AS WELL AS THE WORSHIPING OF BULLS. ACCORDING TO
GREEK MYTHOLOGY THERE WAS A LABYRINTH (MAZE)
UNDER THE PALACE WHERE THE MINOTAUR LIVED. THIS
WAS A HALF-MAN HALF-BULL CREATURE WHO THE MINOANS
SENT SACRIFICIAL VICTIMS TO. THESEUS FOUND HIS WAY
THROUGH THE MAZE, SLEW THE MINOTAUR, AND FOUND HIS
WAY OUT AGAIN.
THE MYCENAEAN'S
• THE MYCENAEAN'S ARE THE FIRST KNOWN
CIVILIZATION OF MAINLAND GREECE. THEIR
CIVILIZATION WAS CENTERED IN SOUTHERN
GREECE. THE POET HOMER CALLED THESE
PEOPLE THE ACHAEANS IN HIS WORKS.
HISTORIANS BELIEVE THEM TO HAVE BEEN
TRADERS AND PIRATES AND TO HAVE BEEN
RULED BY WARRIOR KINGS. BY 1400 B.C.,
THEY CONTROLLED CRETE AND THE
MINOANS.
• THE MYCENAEAN'S WROTE IN A SCRIPT
CALLED LINEAR B. THIS WRITING, MUCH LIKE
CUNEIFORM, WAS MOSTLY USED FOR
ACCOUNTING AND DISAPPEARED AROUND
1100 B.C. IN 1952, LINEAR B WAS
DECIPHERED BY MICHAEL VENTRIS.
MYCENAEAN
• MUCH OF THE INFORMATION THAT WE HAVE
BEGAN BEING COLLECTED AND ANALYZED IN
1876 THANKS TO THE WORK OF HEINRICH
SCHLIEMANN. SCHLIEMANN WAS A GERMAN
ARCHAEOLOGIST WHO DISCOVERED GRAVES
INSIDE THE STONE WALLS OF THE CITADEL OF
MYCENAE. THESE GRAVES WERE FILLED
WITH GOLD CUPS, GOLD FACE MASKS, AND
WEAPONS. SCHLIEMANN WAS CONVINCED
THAT MYCENAE WAS THE CAPITAL OF THE
GREEKS THAT HOMER DESCRIBED IN THE
ILIAD SAILING OFF TO FIGHT AT TROY DURING
THE TROJAN WAR AND THAT HE HAD FOUND
THE ACTUAL GRAVE OF THE KING
AGAMEMNON. “I HAVE SEEN THE FACE OF
AGAMEMNON.”
MYCENAEAN CULTURE
• THE MYCENAEAN'S WERE OUTWARD-LOOKING AND
AGGRESSIVE. THEIR INFLUENCE AND POWER SPREAD
THROUGHOUT THE MEDITERRANEAN. THEY WERE LESS
SOPHISTICATED THAT THE MINOANS. BY THE
FOURTEENTH CENTURY, THE MYCENAEAN'S HAD BECOME
FINE CRAFTSMEN WORKING WITH BRONZE, IVORY, GOLD,
AND SILVER. THEY WERE ACCOMPLISHED BUILDERS WHO
CONSTRUCTED IN THE SIDES OF HILLS, MONUMENTAL
TOMBS IN THE SHAPE OF BEEHIVES.
COLLAPSE OF THE MYCENAEAN
CIVILIZATION
• ONE FACTOR IN THE COLLAPSE OF
THE MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION WAS
THEIR POPULATION GREW TOO FAST
FOR THEIR ECONOMY TO BE ABLE TO
SUPPORT. OTHER FACTORS
INCLUDED THE DISRUPTION OF
TRADE ROUTES, CIVIL WAR, AND THE
DORIAN INVASION IN 1150 B.C. THE
DORIAN INVASION WAS SO
DISRUPTIVE THAT IT SHATTERED THE
WORLD OF THE MYCENAEAN'S,
CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD
ENDED, AND THERE WAS A GREEK
‘DARK AGE’ FOR THE NEXT THREE
HUNDRED YEARS.
•
REBIRTH OF LEARNING AND
CULTURE
• AROUND 800 B.C. MAINLAND
GREECE BEGAN TO GO
THROUGH A PERIOD OF REVIVAL
OF THEIR CULTURE, ECONOMY,
AND METAL WORKING SKILLS.
THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET
WAS ADOPTED AND GREEK
LITERACY WAS REBORN.
GREEK LITERATURE
• ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS WRITERS IN GREEK LITERATURE WAS
HOMER. HE WAS A BLIND POET/ SINGER WHO WAS GIVEN CREDIT
FOR FORMALLY RECORDING AND GIVING THE FINAL VERSION OF
THE EPIC POEMS THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY THAT HAD BEEN IN
EXISTENCE FOR GENERATIONS. THE WORLD PORTRAYED IN THE
EPIC POEMS IS ONE OF SUPERHUMAN HEROES, MANY OF WHOM
ARE DIRECTLY DESCENDED FROM THE GODS SUCH AS ACHILLES,
PERSEUS, AND HERCULES.
• THE ILIAD IS THE STORY OF THE GREEK OR ACHAEAN SIEGE OF THE
CITY OF TROY IN ORDER TO FREE HELEN (THE FACE THAT
LAUNCHED A THOUSAND SHIPS; WIFE OF MENELAUS, KING OF
SPARTA) WHO HAD BEEN KIDNAPPED BY PARIS, SON OF KING PRIAM
OF TROY. AFTER TEN YEARS OF SIEGE, BATTLES, AND DECEPTION
(THE TROJAN HORSE), TROY FALLS TO THE ACHAEANS.
KEY CHARACTERS OF THE ILIAD
• ACHILLES: A GREEK WARRIOR WHO CAN’T BE DEFEATED
IN BATTLE EXCEPT AT HIS HEEL WHERE HE IS ULTIMATELY
SHOT WITH AN ARROW DURING THE SACKING OF TROY.
• AGAMEMNON: KING OF MYCENAE AND LEADER OF THE
GREEK FORCES AT TROY; BROTHER OF MENELAUS.
• ODYSSEUS: KING OF ITHACA; COMES UP WITH THE
TROJAN HORSE PLAN TO TAKE TROY.
• HECTOR: OLDER SON AND HEIR TO KING PRIAM OF TROY.
KILLS ACHILLES’ BEST FRIEND IN BATTLE AND IS IN TURN
KILLED BY ACHILLES.
THE ODYSSEY
• THE ODYSSEY IS THE STORY OF THE TWENTY-YEAR RETURN JOURNEY
TO ITHACA OF ODYSSEUS AND THE ADVENTURES AND TRIALS THAT HE
EXPERIENCES.
KEY CHARACTERS OF THE ODYSSEY
• PENELOPE: WIFE OF ODYSSEUS WHO REMAINS FAITHFUL TO HIM AND
RESISTS THE ATTEMPTS OF MANY SUITORS TO MARRY HER.
• TELEMACHUS: SON OF ODYSSEUS WHO IS A BABY WHEN HIS FATHER
LEAVES TO FIGHT AT TROY. HE REFUSES TO BELIEVE HIS FATHER IS
DEAD AND LEAVES ITHACA TO FIND HIM. HELPS ODYSSEUS KILL ALL THE
SUITORS FOR HIS MOTHERS HAND.
• CALYPSO: GODDESS WHO HOLDS ODYSSEUS CAPTIVE FOR MANY
YEARS.
• POSEIDON: GOD WHO HOLDS A GRUDGE AGAINST ODYSSEUS AND SHIP
WRECKS HIM.
GREEK GOVERNMENT
• THE POLIS WAS THE ESSENTIAL SOCIAL
AND POLITICAL UNIT OF GREEK LIFE. IT
WAS MORE THAN THE PHYSICAL
BUILDINGS AND WALLS OF A CITY. IT ALSO
DREW ON THE COMMUNITY AND LANDS
SURROUNDING IT FOR SUPPLIES. EACH
POLIS HAD ITS OWN IDENTITY AND
PROTECTING GOD (ATHENS AND SPARTA:
ATHENA). THE TEMPLE TO THE PATRON
GOD OF THE CITY WAS ALSO THE PRIDE
OF THE CITY AND CITIES COMPETED TO
PROVIDE THE GRANDEST TEMPLE TO
THEIR PARTICULAR GOD.
• THE POLIS WAS PROTECTED BY THEIR
HOPLITE ARMY. THIS ARMY WAS DRAWN
FROM THE RICHER PEASANTS AND THE
WEALTHIEST 1/3 OF A CITY’S POPULATION.
THESE PEOPLE COULD AFFORD TO
PROVIDE THEIR OWN UNIFORM WHICH
INCLUDED A BRONZE HELMET, SHIELD,
CURIASS, SWORD, AND SPEAR.
GREEK GOVERNMENT
• THEY FOUGHT IN ROWS, ONE BEHIND THE OTHER KNOWN AS A
PHALANX. THE MEN IN EACH ROW EITHER LINKED THEIR SHIELDS
TOGETHER AND ADVANCED WITH THEIR SPEARS HELD OVER THEIR
HEADS OR HELD THE SHIELD ON THE LEFT ARM AND CARRIED THEIR
SPEARS UNDER THEIR RIGHT ARMS.
• THE PHALANX WAS VULNERABLE TO ATTACK FROM THE SIDE BUT
USUALLY TO DEFEAT A PHALANX ANOTHER PHALANX WAS NEEDED.
• THE TWO PHALANX WOULD SHOVE INTO EACH OTHER AND THEN PROD
AND SLASH UNTIL ONE SIDE GAVE WAY. THE SUCCESSFUL ARMY WOULD
THEN RAID THE OPPONENT’S POSSESSIONS AND CROPS. THE MOST
VULNERABLE PARTS OF THE SOLDIER IN THE PHALANX WERE THE
GROIN AND NECK.
• EFFECTIVE HOPLITE ARMIES HAD TO BE WELL TRAINED AS ANYONE WHO
FELL OVER IN A CHARGE WOULD CAUSE CHAOS IN THE TIGHTLY KNIT
RANKS. THE MEN IN THE HOPLITE ARMIES FOUGHT FOR THE GLORY OF
THE POLIS NOT FOR PERSONAL GLORY.
REFORMERS OF ATHENIAN AND
GREEK LAW
•
LAW REFORMS IN ATHENS
•
IN 621 B.C., A MAN KNOWN AS DRACO WAS
COMMISSIONED TO DRAFT A NEW SET OF LAWS
FOR ATHENS. HIS LAWS WERE EXTREMELY
HARSH. THE DEATH PENALTY WAS GIVEN EVEN
FOR MINOR THEFT. HIS LAWS WERE SAID TO BE
“WRITTEN IN BLOOD, NOT INK.” THE MODERN
WORD “DRACONIAN” WHICH MEANS “HARSH”
COMES FROM HIS NAME.
•
IN 594 B.C. SOLON WAS GIVEN AUTHORITY TO
ONCE AGAIN REFORM ATHENIAN LAW. HE TRIED
TO BE A MEDIATOR BETWEEN THE INTERESTS
OF THE WEALTHY AND THE POOR. HE
PROMOTED THE IDEA OF JUSTICE AND THAT
HUMAN BEINGS ARE CAPABLE OF ACHIEVING IT.
HE ABOLISHED ALL FORMS OF DEBT
OWNERSHIP (SLAVERY), OPENED THE
GOVERNMENT TO A WIDER CLASS OF CITIZENS,
AND DIVIDED THE CITIZENS INTO FOUR CLASSES
BASED ON WEALTH.
THE TYRANTS
• ORIGINALLY THE WORD ‘TYRANT’ MEANT NO MORE THAN RULER BUT
AS ONE MAN RULE BECAME MORE ABHORRENT TO THE GREEKS IT
CAME TO HAVE THE MEANING THAT WE KNOW.
• PISISTRATUS WAS THE FIRST TYRANT OF ATHENS. HE USED THE
ARMY TO SEIZE POWER. UNDER HIS REIGN, ATHENS BEGAN ITS RISE
TO GREATNESS. HE STABILIZED THE CURRENCY, PROMOTED VASE
PAINTING, AND ESTABLISHED FESTIVALS ACROSS ATHENS. HE
RULED ATHENS FROM 546-528 B.C.
• AFTER THE DEATH OF PISISTRATUS, HIS SONS HIPPIAS AND
HIPPARCHUS RULED ATHENS. HIPPIAS RULED FROM 514-510 B.C. HE
WAS FORCED TO FLEE TO PERSIA IN 510 B.C. HIPPARCHUS WAS
ASSASSINATED BY HARMODIUS AND ARISTOGEITON. THESE TWO
MEN WERE KNOWN AS THE “LIBERATORS OF GREECE” FOR THEIR
ACTIONS.
THE TYRANTS
•
TYRANTS WERE NEVER ABLE TO INSPIRE
LOYALTY FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER.
NO TYRANT HAD THE RESOURCES TO SUSTAIN A
FULL-TIME ARMY EITHER.
•
DURING THE LAST YEARS OF THE PISISTRATID
TYRANNY, A MAN BY THE NAME OF CLEISTHENES
WAS IN EXILE. HE RETURNED TO ATHENS IN 510
B.C. AND BEGAN A SERIES OF POLITICAL
REFORMS THAT WOULD ESTABLISH “ISONOMIA”
OR EQUALITY UNDER THE LAW AMONG CITIZENS.
•
HE CREATED A COMPLETELY NEW SET OF
POLITICAL UNITS CALLED “DEMES” THAT WERE
BASED ON LOCAL DESCENT GROUPS. DEMES
WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR LOCAL ORDER.
SEVERAL DEMES MADE UP A TRITTY (CITY
COUNCIL). TRITTYS SENT REPRESENTATIVES TO
THE COUNCIL (STATE LEGISLATURE). THE
COUNCIL AND THE ASSEMBLY WERE THE LAW
MAKING BODIES FOR THE POLIS OF ATHENS.
CLEISTHENES IS CREDITED WITH INVENTING
DEMOCRACY.
CLASSICAL GREECE:
HERODOTUS AND THE PERSIAN
WARS
• MANY SCHOLARS SAY THAT THE FIRST HISTORIAN OF WESTERN
CIVILIZATION WAS HERODOTUS. HERODOTUS WAS BORN IN 485 B.C. IN
IONIA AND WAS A MERCHANT TRAVELER. HE TALKED TO MANY PEOPLE
AND COLLECTED THEIR STORIES WEATHER THEY WERE CONFLICTING
STORIES OR NOT. HE COMPILED THESE STORIES INTO THE FIRST
HISTORY BOOK. SCHOLARS DURING THE VICTORIAN ERA CALLED HIM
THE “FATHER OF HISTORY AND LIES.” ONE OF HIS MOST FAMOUS
ACCOUNTS IS OF THE PERSIAN WARS.
• THE OTHER GREAT GREEK HISTORIAN WAS THUCYDIDES. HE WAS THE
FIRST “SCIENTIFIC” HISTORIAN MEANING THAT HE COMPLETELY
REJECTED THE IDEA THAT THE GODS PLAYED A PART IN HUMAN HISTORY.
HE VISITED BATTLE SITES, CAREFULLY EXAMINED DOCUMENTS, AND
ONLY ACCEPTED EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF EVENTS. THUCYDIDES
ALSO OFFERED EXPLANATIONS AS TO WHY EVENTS TOOK PLACE AND
WHAT MOTIVATED LEADERS. HE BELIEVED THAT FUTURE GENERATIONS
COULD LEARN FROM THE PAST. HE WROTE LARGELY ABOUT THE
PELOPONNESIAN WAR.
THE FIRST PERSIAN WAR (492490)
• DARIUS, KING OF PERSIA FROM
521-485 B.C., LEAD AN INVASION
OF GREECE IN 492. THE
PERSIAN FORCES LANDED AT
THE GREEK CITY OF MARATHON
WHICH WAS DEFENDED BY AN
ATHENIAN ARMY THAT
NUMBERED AROUND 9000 MEN.
THE PERSIAN ARMY WAS TWICE
AS LARGE. THE ATHENIANS
WERE HOPING FOR
REINFORCEMENTS FROM
SPARTA BUT THE SPARTANS DID
NOT ARRIVE IN TIME TO HELP.
THE FIRST PERSIAN WAR
• THE ATHENIAN PHALANX CHARGED THE PERSIAN LINES AND
BROKE THROUGH. 6400 PERSIANS WERE KILLED WHILE
ONLY 192 GREEKS DIED.
• THE REMAINING PERSIAN ARMY BOARDED THEIR SHIPS TO
TRY TO REACH AND TAKE ATHENS WHILE THE ATHENIANS
WERE AWAY. THE ATHENIANS, HOWEVER, WERE WARNED OF
THE PERSIAN PLAN BY A RUNNER NAMED PHIDIPPIDES, WHO
HAD RUN FROM THE BATTLE OF MARATHON TO ATHENS
SHOUTING THE NEWS OF THE GREEK VICTORY, (“NIKE! NIKE!
NIKE!”) AND A WARNING OF THE PERSIAN MOVEMENTS.
AFTER GIVING HIS MESSAGE HE DIED.
• THE GREEKS WERE ABLE TO DEFEAT THE PERSIANS AGAIN
AND END THE FIRST WAR.
THE SECOND PERSIAN WAR (481479)
• IN 481 B.C., XERXES, THE SON AND
HEIR OF DARIUS, KING OF PERSIA
FROM 486-465 B.C. DECIDED TO
INVADE GREECE A SECOND TIME.
HIS PLAN WAS TO BRING A LARGE
ARMY INTO GREECE FROM ASIA
MINOR AND SUPPORT IT WITH HIS
NAVY. HE DECIDED TO BUILD A
BOAT BRIDGE ACROSS THE
HELLESPONT. THE FIRST BRIDGE
WAS SWEPT AWAY BY STRONG
WINDS BUT THE SECOND ONE HELD
FIRM AND THE PERSIAN ARMY
NUMBERING 200,000 CROSSED
EASILY. THE PERSIAN NAVY HAD
600 TRIREMES (BOAT WITH THREE
DECKS OF OARS).
THE SECOND PERSIAN WAR
• SPARTA CALLED THE OTHER GREEK CITY-STATES TOGETHER
TO PLAN A UNITED DEFENSE AGAINST PERSIA. THIRTY CITYSTATES IN ALL UNITED TOGETHER TO RESIST THE PERSIANS.
ATHENS CONTRIBUTED 200 TRIREMES TO THE EFFORT.
• A SPARTAN ARMY OF 5000 LED BY KING LEONIDAS TRIED TO
HOLD THE PERSIANS AT THE MOUNTAIN PASS AT
THERMOPYLAE. IN MANY PLACES, THE PASS WAS ONLY 6 ½
FEET WIDE. THE SPARTANS TACTIC WAS TO APPEAR TO
RETREAT THEN TURN QUICKLY AND CUT DOWN THEIR
PURSUERS. THE BATTLE LASTED TWO DAYS UNTIL THE
PERSIANS WERE TOLD OF ANOTHER PATH THROUGH THE
MOUNTAINS THAT WAS ABOVE THE PASS. THE SPARTANS
REMAINING TO DEFEND THE PASS WERE WIPED OUT.
THE SECOND PERSIAN WAR
• THE OTHER MAJOR BATTLE OF THE SECOND PERSIAN WAR WAS THE
BATTLE OF SALAMIS. ATHENIAN GENERAL THEMISTOCLES, FATHER
OF THEIR NAVY, LURED THE PERSIAN NAVY UP THE SALAMIS
CHANNEL.
• HE DID THIS BY SENDING XERXES A SLAVE WHO SAID THAT THE
GREEK FLEET WAS DEMORALIZED, FULL OF DISSENSION AND
TRYING TO ESCAPE. THE THOUGHT OF THIS LURED XERXES INTO
ORDERING THE PERSIAN FLEET TO ROW UP THE CHANNEL ALL DAY
IN PURSUIT OF THE GREEKS. BY AFTERNOON, THE ROWERS HAD
BEEN ROWING FOR TWELVE HOURS AND WERE EXHAUSTED. THE
GREEKS THEN TURNED ON THE PERSIANS AND BEGAN RAMMING
THEIR SHIPS WITH BRONZE BATTERING RAMS. THE PERSIANS LOST
200 SHIPS WHILE THE GREEKS LOST 40.
• AFTER THESE LOSSES, THE PERSIANS RETREATED BACK TO ASIA
MINOR, NEVER TO BOTHER THE GREEKS AGAIN.
IMPACT OF THE PERSIAN WAR
ON GREECE
• THE PERSIAN WARS HELPED THE
GREEKS TO DEFINE THEIR CULTURE
MORE SHARPLY AND BOOST THEIR
SELF CONFIDENCE. THE
MAINTENANCE OF LIBERTY BECAME
AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE
GREEK CONSCIOUSNESS.
EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE
CLASSICAL GREECE
• 90% OF THE GREEK POPULATION WERE FARMERS. THIS WAS A
VERY LABOR INTENSIVE OCCUPATION AS A GOOD HARVEST
DEPENDED ON FREQUENT WEEDING AND TURNING OF THE SOIL.
THE MOST WIDESPREAD CROP THROUGHOUT GREECE WAS OLIVE.
OLIVE OIL COULD BE USED FOR COOKING, LIGHTING THE DWELLING,
AS WELL AS FOR SOAP. THE GREEKS TRADED IT FROM EGYPT TO
THE COAST OF THE BLACK SEA.
• THE GREEK FARMING YEAR HAD TWO PERIODS OF INTENSE
ACTIVITY: SEPTEMBER TO NOVEMBER WAS HARVEST TIME FOR
OLIVES AND GRAPES AND WHEN PLOWING AND PLANTING FOR THE
NEXT YEAR OCCURRED. MAY TO JUNE WAS HARVEST TIME FOR
GRAIN. FROM JULY TO SEPTEMBER THE GREEK GAMES (OLYMPICS)
WERE HELD AND FIGHTING WAS DONE.
EVERYDAY LIFE
• SHEEP AND GOATS WERE RAISED ON THE HIGHER GROUND
SURROUNDING THE CITY-STATES. THESE ANIMALS PROVIDED
PROTEIN FOR THE DIET AND RAW MATERIALS FOR CLOTHING.
• SLAVERY WAS WIDESPREAD IN THE ANCIENT WORLD AND WAS THE
COMMON FATE OF WAR CAPTIVES. SLAVES MAY HAVE MADE UP
AROUND 30% OF A CITY-STATES POPULATION. SOME STATES WERE
THE PROPERTY OF THE STATE RATHER THAN INDIVIDUAL OWNERS.
ADOLESCENT SPARTANS WERE ALLOWED, AS PART OF THEIR
TRAINING, TO GO INTO THE COUNTRYSIDE AND KILL ANY SLAVES
THEY CAME ACROSS. MANY SLAVES WORKED AS DOMESTIC
SERVANTS IN THE HOME. THE USE OF SLAVES WAS BOUND WITH
THE GREEKS SENSE OF THEIR OWN IDENTITY. GREEKS
CONSIDERED IT DEMEANING TO BE THE SERVANT OF OTHERS.
SLAVE LABOR ALSO FREED THE CITIZEN FOR POLITICAL LIFE.
SPARTA
• SPARTANS IDEALIZED THE
STATE OVER THE INDIVIDUAL
AND CONCENTRATED ON
BREAKING DOWN ANY
ACTIVITIES OF RELATIONSHIPS
THAT THREATENED THE
COMMUNITY.
• LIFE OF A SPARTAN MALE:
• 7 YEARS OLD: REMOVED FROM
HIS FAMILY. ALL EDUCATION
WAS CARRIED OUT THROUGH
VIOLENCE RATHER THAN
PERSUASION. SELF-RELIANCE
AND ENDURANCE WERE
HIGHLY PRAISED.
• 20 YEARS OLD: JOINED THE
ARMY AND WERE ASSIGNED TO
A MESS. THE MESSES ATE
TOGETHER AND THERE WAS
NO DISTINCTION BETWEEN
YOUNG AND OLD, RICH OR
POOR. SOLDIERS KEPT THEIR
HAIR LONG AND DRESSED IN
IDENTICAL RED CLOAKS.
• 30 YEARS OLD: MEN COULD
MARRY BUT THEY CONTINUED
TO LIVE IN THE BARRACKS, NOT
WITH THEIR WIVES.
• 60 YEARS OLD: MEN COULD
RETIRE FROM THE ARMY.
SPARTA
•
•
THE MOST GLORIOUS THING TO A SPARTAN WAS
TO DIE IN THE SERVICE OF SPARTA. SPARTAN
MOTHERS SUPPOSEDLY TOLD THEIR SONS TO
“RETURN WITH YOUR SHIELD, OR ON IT!”
FAMILIES OF THOSE WHO HAD DIED APPEARED
TO REJOICE EVEN AFTER A DEFEAT. SURVIVORS
OF A DEFEAT WERE SHUNNED BY SOCIETY.
SPARTANS HAD LITTLE USE FOR LITERACY AND
CITIZENSHIP WAS DETERMINED BY LAND
OWNERSHIP.
SPARTAN WOMEN
•
SPARTAN WOMEN TRAINED IN GYMNASTICS,
WRESTLING, AND BOXING. THEY MARRIED AT
AGE 19, COULD SHOP IN THE MARKETPLACE,
ATTEND DINNERS, OWN PROPERTY, AND
EXPRESS OPINIONS.
SPARTAN GOVERNMENT
• SPARTA HAD TWO KINGS WHO RULED
JOINTLY BUT HAD LITTLE POWER. THE
MAIN GOVERNMENTAL BODIES IN
SPARTA WERE THE ASSEMBLY AND
THE COUNCIL OF ELDERS.
• THE ASSEMBLY WAS COMPOSED OF
ALL MALE CITIZENS OVER 20. THEY
PASSED LAWS AND COULD VETO
LEGISLATION. THEY ALSO ELECTED
FIVE OVERSEERS TO ADMINISTER
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
• THE COUNCIL OF ELDERS WAS MADE
UP OF 28 MEN OVER 60 YEARS OLD.
THESE MEN PROPOSED LAWS AND
SERVED AS A SUPREME COURT.
RESULTS OF SPARTAN
MILITARISM
• 1. SPARTANS WERE
SUSPICIOUS OF NEW IDEAS
AND WERE BEHIND OTHER
CITY-STATES IN TRADE AND
MANUFACTURING.
• 2. SPARTANS WERE MUCH
POORER THAN OTHER
GREEKS.
• 3. THEY WERE BEHIND IN
INTELLECTUAL
ACCOMPLISHMENTS.
• 4. THEY WERE EXCEPTIONAL
ATHLETES AND ALMOST
ALWAYS WON THE OLYMPIC
GAMES.
ATHENS
• ONE OF THE BEST PLACES FOR THEN MEN OF ATHENS TO
TALK, EAT AND DRINK WAS AT THE SYMPOSIA. THE MEN
WOULD RECLINE ON COUCHES THAT WERE SET AROUND
THE WALLS OF THE DINING ROOM.
• ATTENDANCE AT A SYMPOSIUM WAS PART OF A YOUNG
BOY’S INITIATION INTO ARISTOCRATIC SOCIETY. THE BOY
WAS ALLOWED TO SIT BUT NOT RECLINE ON A COUCH
AND WAS EXPECTED TO POUR THE WINE.
LITERACY AND EDUCATION
• ONLY A SMALL MINORITY OF THE CITIZENS OF ATHENS
COULD READ ON MORE THAN A BASIC LEVEL. THERE WAS
NO SYSTEM OF STATE SPONSORED EDUCATION SO IT WAS
PROBABLY ONLY THE HOPLITE CLASS THAT WAS LITERATE.
• THE ART OF MEMORY WAS HIGHLY PRIZED AND SOME FELT
THAT THE WRITTEN WORD WAS INFERIOR. SOCRATES
CLAIMED THAT THE MIND WAS WEAKENED WHEN IT RELIED
ON WRITTEN TEXTS (STUDY AND LEARN YOUR NOTES!)
LITERACY HAD TO BE ACQUIRED THROUGH A TEACHER AND
THIS REQUIRED THE LEARNER TO HAVE THE MONEY TO PAY
ONE AND THE LEISURE TIME TO LEARN.
• THE MAIN SUBJECTS OF GREEK EDUCATION WERE MUSIC,
LITERATURE, PHYSICAL TRAINING (P.E.), ARITHMETIC,
GEOMETRY, DRAWING, AND RHETORIC (SPEAKING/ DEBATE).
GREEK RELIGION
• IN THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT GREECE, THERE WAS NO
CENTRAL ORGANIZATION, NO “CHURCH”, AND NO SACRED
BOOK OF SCRIPTURE. THERE WERE RELIGIOUS ATTITUDES
AND BELIEFS THAT WERE SHARED ACROSS THE GREEK
WORLD WITH A HOST OF LOCAL GODS AND CULTS AS WELL.
THE GREEKS GENERALLY DID NOT BELIEVE THAT THE GODS
WERE PREOCCUPIED WITH THE BEHAVIOR OF HUMANS THEY
DID BELIEVE THAT THE GODS SUPPORTED CORRECT
BEHAVIOR AND REVENGED BAD.
GREEK WRITERS AND THINKERS
DRAMA
• ONE OF ATHENS GREATEST INVENTIONS WAS THAT OF DRAMA
(PLAYS). THE PLAYS THAT WE KNOW TODAY ARE DESCENDANTS OF
THE ATHENIAN VARIETY.
• DRAMA IN ATHENS BROUGHT TOGETHER RELIGION, DEMOCRATIC
PRIDE, AND CREATIVE THOUGHT. DRAMA FESTIVALS WERE HELD
TO HONOR DIONYSUS, THE GOD OF FERTILITY AND A DRAMA
CONTEST WAS HELD EACH YEAR IN ATHENS NEAR THE ACROPOLIS.
WINNERS WERE GIVEN PRIZES.
• BY THE FIFTH CENTURY B.C. (400S) PERMANENT THEATERS WERE
BEING CONSTRUCTED. PERFORMANCES WERE HELD ON A
CIRCULAR DANCING FLOOR, WITH THE ORCHESTRA BEHIND THE
SCENERY AND THE AUDIENCE SEATED IN THE THEATRON IN A
SEMICIRCLE. ACTORS WORE MASKS TO HELP PROJECT THEIR
VOICES AND TO HELP THE AUDIENCE RECOGNIZE CHARACTERS.
DRAMA’S
• THE THEME OF THE DRAMAS
USUALLY CENTERED ON THE
TORTURED RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN HUMANS AND THE
GODS. HUMAN CHARACTERS
ARE OFTEN TRAPPED; EITHER
THEY HAVE COMMITTED AN
UNFORGIVABLE SIN OR THEY ARE
FORCED TO CHOOSE BETWEEN
TWO HONORABLE BUT
INCOMPATIBLE COURSES OF
ACTION. EITHER WAY THEY WILL
OFFEND A SACRED CODE AND
ARE DOOMED. MUSICAL
ACCOMPANIMENT WENT WITH
EACH PLAY BUT NONE HAVE
SURVIVED.
DRAMA’S
• THE FATHER OF DRAMA WAS
AESCHYLUS (525-456 B.C.). HE WAS
A PUBLIC FIGURE WHO HAD FOUGHT
AT THE BATTLE OF MARATHON. HE
WAS A MAN WITH DEEP RELIGIOUS
SENSIBILITY WHO HELD A STRONG
BELIEF IN THE UNDERLYING
HARMONY OF THE WORLD. CRIMES
AGAINST HARMONY INCLUDED
DESTRUCTION OF THE NATURAL
WORLD, PRIDE (HUBRIS), OR
BREECHES IN THE SACRED
CONVENTIONS OF WARFARE. HIS
PLAYS ILLUSTRATED THAT MEN MAY
UNKNOWINGLY UPSET THE BALANCE
OF THE NATURAL WORLD.
DRAMA’S
• SOPHOCLES (496-406) WAS THE NEXT GREAT GREEK DRAMATIST. HIS
TRAGEDIES FOCUSED ON THE INDIVIDUAL. HE ALSO INTRODUCED
WOMEN INTO THE PLAYS. MOST OF THE CHARACTERS IN SOPHOCLES’
PLAYS HAVE FLAWS IN THEIR CHARACTER THAT LEAD THEM TO THEIR
DOOM. SOPHOCLES’ MASTERPIECE IS KING OEDIPUS (OEDIPUS REX).
• IN THE PLAY IT IS PROPHESIED THAT OEDIPUS WOULD MURDER HIS
FATHER AND SLEEP WITH HIS MOTHER. TO AVOID THIS FATE, HIS
PARENTS ABANDON HIM ON THE ROAD SIDE WHEN HE IS A BABY. HE IS
FOUND AND RAISED BY ANOTHER ROYAL FAMILY. AFTER REACHING
ADULTHOOD, OEDIPUS IS TRAVELING AND GETS INTO AN ARGUMENT
WITH ANOTHER MAN AND KILLS HIM. HE THEN GETS MARRIED. ONLY
LATER DOES HE FIND OUT THAT THE MAN HE KILLED WAS HIS REAL
FATHER AND THAT HE IS MARRIED TO HIS REAL MOTHER WITH WHOM HE
HAS HAD CHILDREN. HORRIFIED AT THIS, OEDIPUS GOUGES OUT HIS
EYES AND HIS MOTHER COMMITS SUICIDE.
THE FINAL CLASSIC
• THE FINAL CLASSICAL DRAMATIST
WAS EURIPIDES (484-406 B.C.)
EURIPIDES’ PLAYS SHOW HUMAN
BEINGS ALONE AND RESPONSIBLE
FOR THEIR ACTIONS. HIS
CHARACTERS WERE REALISTIC AND
AT TIMES PERVERSE.
• THE FATHER OF GREEK COMEDY
WAS ARISTOPHANES. HE BELIEVED
THAT COMEDY WAS AN ESSENTIAL
ELEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC
SYSTEM OF ATHENS. HE AS A
WRITER COULD MOCK ANY ASPECT
OF LIFE FROM THE GODS TO
POLITICIANS.
SOPHISTS
• MEN WHO WANDERED FROM
CITY TO CITY TEACHING YOUNG
MEN HOW TO USE THEIR MINDS
AND VOICES IN PUBLIC
SERVICE WERE KNOWN AS
SOPHISTS. PLATO AND
ARISTOTLE DISLIKED THE
SOPHISTS AND THEIR
METHODS. ONE OF THE MOST
FAMOUS SOPHISTS WAS
PROTAGORAS. HE COINED THE
PHRASE “MAN IS THE MEASURE
OF ALL THINGS.”
•
PHILOSOPHERS
• THE FIRST GREAT GREEK PHILOSOPHER WAS SOCRATES.
ORIGINALLY HE WAS A STONE MASON BORN IN ATHENS. HIS IDEAS
WERE RECORDED BY THREE OTHER PEOPLE: ARISTOPHANES,
XENOPHON, AND PLATO. SOCRATES SAID THAT IT WAS NOT HIS JOB
TO PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE FOR HIS STUDENTS.
• KNOWLEDGE HAS TO BE DISCOVERED BY THE INDIVIDUAL FOR
HIMSELF. “QUESTION EVERYTHING!” SOCRATES USED QUESTIONS
TO ENCOURAGE DISCUSSIONS AND TO HELP STUDENTS DISCOVER
KNOWLEDGE. THIS LATER CAME TO BE KNOWN AS THE SOCRATIC
METHOD.
• SOCRATES WAS CHARGED WITH CORRUPTING THE YOUTH AND
NEGLECTING THE GODS WHOM THE CITY WORSHIPED BY THE
LEADERS OF ATHENS. HE COMMITTED SUICIDE BY DRINKING
HEMLOCK.
PHILOSOPHERS
• PLATO WAS THE STUDENT OF SOCRATES
AND HIS BIGGEST FAN. HE WAS BORN INTO
AN ARISTOCRATIC FAMILY IN ATHENS. THE
TRIAL AND DEATH OF SOCRATES WAS A
TURNING POINT FOR HIM. HE FELT THAT
DEMOCRACY WAS THE SAME AS MOB
RULE, WITH DECISIONS MADE FOR
EMOTIONAL NOT RATIONAL REASONS.
• TO COMBAT THIS, PLATO ESTABLISHED THE
ACADEMY IN ATHENS TO TRAIN AND TEACH
YOUNG MEN TO THINK RATIONALLY. HE
ALSO WROTE AND PUBLISHED THE
REPUBLIC, WHICH SHOWS THE
CONSTRUCTION OF AN IDEAL STATE.
•
PHILOSOPHERS
• ARISTOTLE WAS THE STUDENT
OF PLATO FOR 20 YEARS. HE
LATER WOULD BECOME THE
TUTOR OF ALEXANDER THE
GREAT. IN 335 B.C. HE OPENED
THE LYCEUM SCHOOL IN
ATHENS. HE WROTE OR
EDITED OVER 200 BOOKS AND
INFLUENCED LATER
PHILOSOPHERS WITH HIS
WORK ON LOGIC. HE WAS THE
FIRST PERSON TO OBSERVE
FACTS, CLASSIFY THEM
ACCORDING TO SIMILARITIES
AND DIFFERENCES, THEN
DEVELOP GENERALIZATIONS
FROM HIS DATA.
THE FIRST SCIENTISTS
• PYTHAGORAS WAS AN ATHENIAN MATHEMATICIAN WHO WAS
THE FIRST TO TRY TO EXPLAIN EVERYTHING IN
MATHEMATICAL TERMS. HE INVENTED THE THEOREM THAT
BEARS HIS NAME. HE ALSO BELIEVED THAT THE WORLD
WAS ROUND AND REVOLVED AROUND THE SUN.
• HIPPOCRATES IS KNOWN AS THE “FATHER OF MEDICINE”. HE
BELIEVED THAT DISEASES HAD NATURAL AND NOT
SUPERNATURAL CAUSES. HE KEPT RECORDS OF THE
PEOPLE THAT HE TREATED. HE PRESCRIBED PROPER
HYGIENE, A SOUND DIET, AND REST TO MANY OF HIS
PATIENTS.
ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
• CITIZENS COULD BELONG TO THE ASSEMBLY, WERE EQUAL BEFORE
THE LAW, AND WERE GUARANTEED THE FREEDOM OF SPEECH.
• THE ASSEMBLY WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR PASSING LAWS, CHOOSING
TEN GENERALS TO RUN THE ARMY AND NAVY, AND SERVING AS A
SUPREME COURT.
• THE COUNCIL OF 500 ADMINISTERED DAY TO DAY GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS LIKE TAXES, TREATIES, AND PUBLIC WORKS. MEMBERS
OF THIS COUNCIL WERE CHOSEN EACH YEAR BY LOTTERY.
• ATHENIANS BELIEVED THAT ALL CITIZENS WERE COMPETENT TO
HOLD OFFICE. THEY ALSO BELIEVED THAT ELECTIONS WERE
UNFAIR BECAUSE RICH MEN WITH A WELL KNOWN FAMILY NAME OR
THAT WERE GOOD PUBIC SPEAKERS, WOULD HAVE AN ADVANTAGE.
ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
• JURIES IN ATHENS CONTAINED BETWEEN 201 AND 1001
MEMBERS. THE LARGE SIZE WOULD MINIMIZE PROBLEMS
WITH BRIBERY, THREATS, AND PREJUDICE.
• EACH YEAR CITIZENS COULD WRITE THE NAME OF AN
UNDESIRABLE POLITICIAN ON A PIECE OF BAKED CLAY
CALLED AN OSTRACON. IF ONE NAME APPEARED 6,000
TIMES WHEN THE OSTRACONS WERE COUNTED, THE
PERSON WAS EXILED FROM ATHENS FOR TEN YEARS.
OSTRACISM COMES FROM THIS PRACTICE.
• ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR
WESTERN DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT.
GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE
• GREEK ARTISTS EXCELLED IN ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE,
AND PAINTING. THEIR STYLE HAS BECOME KNOWN AS
“CLASSICAL”. IT WAS HEAVILY COPIED BY THE ROMANS.
• GREEK ARTISTS PAINTED ON POTTERY VASES. POTTERY
WAS A MAJOR TRADE ITEM IN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD.
THE SCENES ON THE POTS WERE EITHER RED ON A BLACK
BACKGROUND OR BLACK ON A RED BACKGROUND. THE
POTS USUALLY SHOWED SCENES OF MYTHOLOGY OR
EVERYDAY LIFE.
• THE THREE TYPES OF GREEK COLUMNS WERE DORIC, IONIC,
AND CORINTHIAN. DORIC COLUMNS HAD NO DECORATION AT
THE TOP; IONIC HAD CURVES AT THE TOP; WHILE
CORINTHIAN COLUMNS WERE ELABORATELY DECORATED AT
THE TOP.
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (431404 B.C.)
• EVEN AFTER THE PERSIAN WARS ENDED, GREEKS
THOUGHT THAT THE PERSIANS MIGHT RETURN AGAIN. TO
BE PREPARED IN CASE THIS HAPPENED, ATHENS
PERSUADED MOST OF THE GREEK CITY-STATES TO JOIN
AN ALLIANCE AGAINST THE PERSIANS KNOWN AS THE
DELIAN LEAGUE. SPARTA WOULD NOT JOIN THE LEAGUE.
• ATHENS PROVIDED MOST OF THE ARMY AND NAVY WHILE
THE OTHER CITY-STATES CONTRIBUTED MONEY.
• THE LEAGUE FREED IONIA AND DROVE THE PIRATES OUT
OF THE AEGEAN SEA. OVERSEAS TRADE EXPANDED AND
GREECE GREW RICHER.
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
• ATHENS BEGAN TO DOMINATE THE DELIAN LEAGUE
ESPECIALLY AFTER PERICLES, AN ATHENIAN GENERAL,
ASSUMES LEADERSHIP OF THE LEAGUES TROOPS IN 460 B.C.
• HE USED DELIAN LEAGUE MONEY FOR BUILDINGS IN ATHENS
(PARTHENON). HE INSISTED THAT CRIMINAL CASES
THROUGHOUT THE LEAGUE CITY-STATES BE TRIED IN
ATHENS AS WELL AS INSISTING THAT OTHER CITY-STATES
ADOPT ATHENIAN COINAGE.
• THESE POLICIES CHANGED AN ALLIANCE AGAINST THE
PERSIANS INTO AN ATHENIAN EMPIRE.
• SEVERAL CITY-STATES BANDED TOGETHER UNDER THE
LEADERSHIP OF SPARTA AGAINST ATHENS.
THE WAR (431-404)
• SPARTA’S FEAR AND JEALOUSY OF ATHENS LED THEM TO
MAKE A DEAL WITH THE PERSIANS. THE PERSIANS
WOULD RETURN TO IONIA AND THE SPARTANS WOULD
RECEIVE GOLD TO BUILD ITS OWN NAVY.
• IN 430 B.C., A PLAGUE OF TYPHUS HIT ATHENS WITH
DEVASTATING RESULTS. PERICLES DIED IN THE EPIDEMIC
AS WELL AS 1/3 OF THE POPULATION OF ATHENS. AFTER
THE PLAGUE, SOME IN ATHENS WANTED TO MAKE PEACE
WITH SPARTA BUT IT DOES NOT HAPPEN.
THE WAR
• FROM 420-413 B.C. ATHENS TRIED TO TAKE OVER SICILY IN
ORDER TO TRY TO STARVE THE SPARTANS. THIS WAS
NEVER SUCCESSFUL THANKS IN PART TO THE SPARTANS
RECEIVING WORD ABOUT ATHENS PLANS
• FROM 412-404 B.C. THE TWO SIDES FACED EACH OTHER
IN NAVAL BATTLES. EVENTUALLY, SEVERAL ATHENIAN
ALLIES DEFECTED TO THE SPARTAN SIDE. SPARTA
DESTROYED ATHENS NAVY AS WELL. DURING THE LAST
YEAR OF THE WAR, SPARTA LAID SIEGE TO ATHENS.
ATHENS SURRENDERED TO SPARTA IN 404 B.C.
RESULTS OF THE WAR
• 1. MANY OF THE CITY-STATES DECLINED IN POPULATION.
• 2. THE WAR DEVASTATED MANY FIELDS AND ORCHARDS
AS WELL AS CAUSING WIDESPREAD UNEMPLOYMENT.
• 3. MANY SOLDIERS BECAME MERCENARIES FOR THE
PERSIAN ARMY.
• 4. GREEKS BECAME OBSESSED WITH MAKING MONEY AND
STOPPED THINKING FOR THE GOOD OF THE CITY-STATE.
• 5. BY 350 B.C. CITY-STATES WERE SO DISORGANIZED THAT
THE MACEDONIANS WERE EASILY ABLE TO CONQUER ALL
OF GREECE.
THE ADRIATIC SEA
OUR HOTEL IN ATHENS
GREEK EVENING
ATHENS MARKETPLACE
ATHENS MARKETPLACE
GREEK FOOD
PRESIDENTIAL GUARD
PRESIDENTIAL GUARD
IN FRONT OF THE PARTHENON
WALKING UP TO THE PARTHENON
PARTHENON
PARTHENON
TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE
TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE
TEMPLE
GREEK FLAG AT THE TOP OF THE
PARTHENON
ATHENS
ATHENS
ATHENS
PARTHENON
PARTHENON
PARTHENON
VIEW FROM THE PARTHENON
OLYMPIC STADIUM
GREEK FOOD!
GREEK FOOD!
CORINTH CANAL…. SCARY!
MYCENAE!
COUNTRYSIDE OF MYCENAE
MYCENAE
MYCENAE
MYCENAE
EPIDAURUS
EPIDAURUS
EPIDAURUS
GREEK COAST- ON OUR WAY TO
ATHENS
GREEK COAST- ON OUR WAY TO
ATHENS
BATHROOM! WHAT ABOUT THE
TOILET PAPER???
SMALL SHOWER!
FIRST HOTEL ON THE COAST OF
GREECE.
FOOD- MUSHROOM SOUP
FOOD..
DESERT???
YUMMY!!!
DESERT???
VERY FIRST OLYMPICS!
ENTRY INTO THE STADIUM.. MEN
ONLY?
OLYMPIC STADIUM
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
MEDITERRANEAN SEA! SMOOTH
SAILING!