Download Lithosphere #2

Lithosphere #2
Hailey Furr, Tai R., and Ashton
Adams.
Layers of Earth
3 layers that vary
Crust- “Skin” of earth; dry land and ocean floor; continental
crust is made mainly of granite.
Layers of Earth
Mantle- Layer of solid, hot rock
40 km beneath the surface; divided
into the lithosphere,
asthenosphere and lower mantle
Lithosphere- Uppermost part of
mantle; ridge layer
Asthenosphere- softer part of
mantle below lithosphere; hotter
and under increased pressure
Lower mantle- solid material
extending to earth’s core
Layers of Earth
Core- Made mostly of metals, iron and nickel; consists of 2
parts, outer core (molten) and inner core (solid); movement
of outer core creates magnetic field, and is composed of
iron.
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics float on the
asthenosphere.
Convection currents rise in the
asthenosphere and spread
beneath the lithosphere.
Convection currents move like a
conveyor belt which cause plates
to move in the lithosphere,
producing changes in Earth’s
surface.
Changes in earth’s surface include
volcanoes, mountain ranges, and
How do they move and what does it
cause?
Plate boundary- when the edge of plates meet at lines.
When rocks slip past each other along the boundaries,
faults (breaks in the Earth’s crust) occur.
How do they move and what does it cause?
Transform boundary- Where
2 plates slip past each
other moving in opposite
directions
This causes frequent
earthquakes.
How do they move and what does it cause?
Divergent boundary- 2 plates
move apart (diverge) which
usually occur at the midocean ridge
Rift valley- occurs when a
deep valley is formed along
a divergent boundary
develops on land
How do they move and what does it
cause?
Convergent boundary- Where 2 plates
come together (converge) causing a
collision
When 2 oceanic crust plates or when
a continental and oceanic plate
collide, one is subducted under the the
other one forming a trench.
Topography
-the shape of land that includes the
area’s elevation, relief, and
landforms.
Topographic maps are used to show
elevation and shape of certain
land features not seen from a
regular map.
Earthquakes
Continental crust changing
over time due to tectonic plate movement.
Earthquake- a sudden shaking of the
ground as a result of movements within
the earth’s crust.
Seismic Waves- Waves of an earthquake.
Focus- Original crack in the rock where
the earthquake originates.
Epicenter- the point on the earth's surface, directly above the
focus (hypocenter) point of where the earthquake begins and
plates shift.
Earthquake Waves
Primary waves- compression waves,
they can expand through the things
they travel
through.
They can travel through solids
and liquids.
Secondary waves- Only travel through
solids, they change shape but not the
volume of
the materials they pass through
Size and Scale
There are a number of categories of how to
measure the impact of an earthquake. We use the
Richter scale to measure of the magnitude of an
earthquake. The strongest ones are in the ranges of
5.5-8.9. A
seismograph is a tool we use to
measure incoming and current earthquakes, it can also tell the
damage and where it ranks on the Richter scale.