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Chapter 5 - Rome and the Rise of Christianity SECTION 1 - Italy - Rome - more land for farming - support a large population - located favorable for sea routed land - built on seven hills - defend easily - good central location - Indo-Europeans people moved into Italy from about 1500 -1000 BC - called Latins - spoke Latin - were herders and farmers - After 800 BC, other people settled the area - Greeks and Etruscans - Greeks - settled in southern Italy then slowly migrated up the peninsula occupied eastern Sicily - had much influence on the people - alphabet, artistic and cultural models through their sculpture, architecture and literature - Etruscans - most influenced the early development of Rome - North of Rome in Etruria - eventually they came to control Rome - Romans adopted Etruscan dress and army organization - 509 BC overthrew last Etruscan King and established a republic - Roman Confederation - Latins had full Roman citizenship - remaining communities made allies - made the conquered peoples feel they had a stake in Rome's success Successful Strategies 1. good diplomats - Roman citizenship and allowing states to run their own internal affairs 2. military – strategies 3. 3. Laws and politics - did not try to build an ideal government but instead created political institutions Roman Political Structure - 2 orders: patricians and plebians - patricians were wealthy landowners - Ruling class - plebians were less wealthy landowners, small farmers, craftspeople and merchants office - both men in groups were citizens but only patricians could be elected to - Roman Republic - chief executive officers - consuls - 2 - chose every year - ran government - led army to battle - praetors - charge of civil law - Roman Senate - select group of patricians who served for life - at first only role was to advise government, by 3rd century BC it had the force of law - popular assembly for plebians only was create in 471 BC - the council of the plebs - officials - tribunes of the plebs - power to protect plebeians - 287 BC law passed granting all male Roman citizens - Roman Law - code of laws - 1st - Twelve Tables 450 BC - product of a simple farming society but inadequate for later Roman needs - Law of Nations - establish standards of justice the applied to all people - person innocent until proven guilty - people accused of wrongdoing could defend self in front of judge - judge had to weigh evidences before making a decision - Roman Expansion - - 1st Punic War - Romes 1st war with Carthage in 264 BC - First Punic War - Roman were nervous about Carthaginians in Sicily - Both sides wished to control Sicily - Romans needed a navy to have power over war - Rome won in 241 BC - Sicily 1st Roman province - Hannibal - Carthaginian - struck back against Romans - started Second Punic War - The Second Punic War - Hannibal moved east and crossed the Alps - 216 BC Romans met his army head on - lost 40,000 men but refused to surrender - gradually built army back - Hannibel roamed Italy freely but didn't have men or equipment to attack major cities - Romans would with back cities taken by Hannibel and attack Carthage to for Hannibel to retreat to his city - 202 BC Romans won Spain - became province - Romans now a dominate power in western Mediterranean - Third Punic Wars - durig struggle with Carthage Rome battled the Hellenistic states in the eastern Mediterranean - Macedonia, Greece and Pergamum now under Roman control - 146 BC destroyed the city of Carthage - territory because Roman province called Africa SECTION 2 From Republic to Empire Growing unrest - small farmers were unhappy with wealthy large landowners because the wealthy landowners were buying out small peasant owners - 2 aristocrats tried to urge the council of the plebs to pass land-reform bills that called for the gov’t to take back public land and give it to landless Romans - they were killed by Senators who did not agree with their idea - this incident opened the door to more instability and more violence A New Role for the Army -Roman general Marius became consul and began recruiting armies in new ways - recruited volunteers who owned no property for their loyalty they would receive land - swore an oath of loyalty to general not state -Lucius Cornelius Sulla next general to use new military system -Civil war broke out when Sulla was going to be replaced by Marius for a war -Sulla won – seized Rome – reign of terror -He would restore power to Senate and eliminate most of the powers of the popular assemblies - he hoped to restore traditional Roman Republic governed by a powerful Senate - his example of using an army to seize power would prove most attractive to ambitious men The First Triumvirate -82 – 31 BC, Rome faces civil wars as individual competed for powers - 3 men -Crassus – richest man in Rome -Pompey – returned from Spain as military hero -Julius Caesar – also had military command in Spain -Would form the First Triumvirate - triumvirate – gov’t by 3 people with equal power -Senate tells Caesar to lay down his command -Refused to obey and gained military experience while serving in Gaul and a loyal army -Decided to enter Italy illegally crossing the Rubicon -Caesar march started civil war between his and Pompey’s forces -Pompey’s defeat left Caesar in complete control of the Roman gov’t -Caesar made dictator in 45 BC -Making reforms -Gave land to poor -Increased members of Senate – weakened power of Senate -Granted citizenship to supporter - Group of Senators would assassinate him – fearing he would continue his dictatorship The Second Triumvirate -Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus -After Caesars death on Octavian and Antony would divide Roman world -Conflict would arise – Battle of Actium -Octavian would be victorious -His reign would be known as the Age of Augustus The Beginning of the Roman Empire - Octavian proclaimed the “restoration of the Republic” and gave some power back to the Senate – he ultimately became the 1st Roman emperor The Age of Augustus -27 BC, Senate awarded Octavian the title Augustus – the revered one -He was highly popular -Civil wars had ended but he continued control of the army -Given title imperator or commander in chief -Had 28 legions or 150,000 men -Only roman citizens could be legionnaries -New system of governing provinces -Emperor controlled certain provinces and appointed deputies to govern them -Would die in 14 BC -New emperors ruled Rome, this period until AD 180 is called the Early Empire