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Chapter 11: DNA and Genes Reading Guide 11.1 - Name: ____________________________ Period: ______
1.
What ultimately determines an organism’s traits? _______________.
2.
This control is achieved by determining the ________________________________________________.
3.
Why is DNA considered to have the information of life?______________________________________.
4.
How was DNA discovered to carry genetic material? _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.
5.
DNA is a ___________________ made up of many repeating ____________ called _______________.
6.
What are the three parts of a nucleotide? _________________ ______________ ________________.
7.
List the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA. ____________ _____________ ___________ ___________
8.
Draw figure 11.1C in color below. Be sure to label it.
9.
What does the phosphate group bond to in a DNA molecule? ________________________________.
10.
The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of __________________.
11.
The amount of cytosine is equal to the amount of _________________.
12.
Name the two scientists that discovered the structure of DNA _________________________________.
13.
Is DNA double-stranded or single-stranded?________________________
14.
What type of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? ________________________.
15.
Adenine only binds with ________________. Cytosine only binds with _________________.
16.
If a DNA strand is 30% cytosine, what percentage do I have of the other bases?
a. Guanine = ________
b. Thymine = ________
c. Adenine = _______
17.
Paired bases are called _____________________________________.
18.
For the following strands of DNA, write the complementary strand:
a.
A T C G C G A T G A A C TA G A C G T
___________________________________________________
b.
C G C T A A C C G G T A C G C A T A T
_____________________________________________________
19.
Why is the shape of DNA called a double helix? ____________________________________________.
20.
The differences in organisms result from __________________________________________________.
21.
What is DNA replication? ______________________________________________________________.
22.
Why is DNA Replication called Semi-conservative? _________________________________________.
Reading Guide: Chapter 11.2 and 11.3
11.2 – pages 288-295: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the textbook
1. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains ____________________________. This information is put to work
through the ______________________________________________________________________.
2. Some proteins become important _______________________ such as the ________________________ in muscle
tissue. Other proteins, such as _______________________, control chemical reactions that perform key life functions –
breaking down ________________________________________________________________, digesting food, or making
___________________________________ during mitosis. In fact, enzymes control all the _______________________
___________________________________________________________. Thus, by encoding the instructions for making
________________________, DNA _____________________________.
3. RNA structure differs from DNA is three ways. RNA is _________________________________ whereas DNA is
_____________________________________. The sugar in RNA is _____________________: where as the sugar in
DNA is _______________________________. Finally, rather than thymine, RNA contains a ______________________
_______________________________ . Uracil forms a base pair with ____________________________, just as
_____________________ does in DNA.
4. There are three types of RNA.
mRNA stands for _______________________________________
rRNA stands for ________________________________________
tRNA stands for _________________________________________
4. What does messenger RNA bring to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm? _____________________________
5. What is made up of ribosomal RNA? ___________________.
6. The ribosome binds to the _________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________ in the correct order.
7. ______________________________ is the supplier. Transfer RNA delivers __________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________.
8. Transcription occurs in the ________________________________________.
9. During transcription enzymes make an _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________.
10. The main difference between transcription and DNA replication is that transcription results ___________________
__________________________________________________________________ rather than a ___________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________.
11. Genes usually contain many noncoding nucleotide sequences called ______________. Regions that contain
information are called ____________________ because they are ____________________________.
12. Proteins contain chains of ___________________________________. A _______________ is needed to convert the
language of ________________ into the language of _________________________. There are _____________________
amino acids but mRNA contains only ____________________________________.
13. A codon is a group of _____ nitrogenous bases in mRNA that code for ______ amino acid.
14. How many combinations of nitrogen bases are possible? ______. Do they all code for amino acids? _________
15. A STOP codon indicates ________________________________________________________________________
16. More than one codon can ________________________________________________________________.
17. All organisms use the same _________________________________. For this reason it is said to be______________
____________ and this provides evidence that all life on Earth ______________________________________________.
18. Translation is the process of converting ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________in a protein.
19. Translation takes place at _____________________________________ in the _______________________.
20. The role of transfer RNA is to bring the ____________________________________ dissolved in the cytoplasm to the
____________________________. Each tRNA molecule attaches to only one type of ____________________________ .
11.3 – pages 296-301: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the textbook
1. How many times would all the DNA from the cells in an adult human stretch from Earth to Jupiter? ______
2. Despite mechanisms to protect DNA, changes in the DNA ________________________________________. Any
change in the DNA sequences ____________________________________________________________. Mutations can
be caused by ______________________________________, ___________________________,
_____________________________________, or by _____________________________________________.
3. If a mutation occurs in a reproductive cell and then takes part in fertilization it would becomes part of the
_______________________________________________________________________________________.
4. A mutation may result in a protein that does not work correctly, resulting in ________________________ or
_____________________________ problems in cells and organisms. If a protein is nonfunctional, the embryo may
_______________________________________.
5. In rare cases mutations may _______________________________________________________. Such a mutation may
help an organism - and its offspring - better __________________________________________.
6. If DNA in a nonreproductive cell is changed, this mutation would not be ___________________ to offspring.
However, the mutation may cause ____________________________________________________________.
7. Mutations which affect genes that control cell division can result in _________________________________
___________________________________, producing _________________________.
8. A point mutation is _______________________________________________________________________________.
9. A frameshift mutation occurs when a single base is _____________________________________________________.
10. Point mutations are _________________________ to an organism because they affect only ______ codon.
11. Chromosomal mutations are ______________________________________________________________________.
12. Some mutations in DNA just happen and are said to be ___________________________________. However, many
mutations are caused by ______________________________________________.
13. A mutagen is __________________________________________________________________________________.
Mutagens include _______________________, ____________________, and even ______________________________.
14. Repair mechanisms that _________________________________ in cells have evolved. Enzymes proofread the DNA
and ____________________________________________________________________________________________.
15. The greater the exposure to a mutagen, the more likely the chance that a mistake _____________________________.
It is wise for people to ______________________________________________________________________________.