Download Defenses Against Infection NoteTaking Guide

Defenses Against Infection Note-Taking Guide
Use pp. 373-377 to complete this note-taking guide. THERE WILL BE A QUIZ ON
THIS!!!! The notes do go in order by your book.
A. Body Defenses Against Infection
1. Define “pathogen”, and list 4 types of pathogens.
2. Define “nonspecific defense”.
a. List 6 mechanisms of nonspecific defense used by the body.
b. What is another name for “nonspecific defense” (found in the blue box on
p.373)?
c. Where do nonspecific defenses come from?
3. Define “specific defense”.
a. What else is “specific defense” called?
b. What are two other terms for “specific defense” (found in the blue box on
p.373)?
4. Which type of defense responds fastest?
B. Nonspecific Defenses
1. What makes up the body’s first line of defense?
2. The first line of defense is made up of surface structures collectively called
_____________ barriers.
3. What specific types of responses make up the body’s second line of defense?
4. How do the following chemical barriers work against pathogens?
a. gastric juice
b. tears
c. perspiration
d. interferons
4. How does a fever protect the body?
5. Define “inflammation”.
a. What are 4 signs of inflammation, and what are their causes?
b. How does inflammation protect the rest of the body?
c. What makes up pus?
6. What are the blood’s most active phagocytic cells?
7. What do these two cells do?
8. Where do macrophages come from, and where are they found?
C. Specific Defenses (Immunity)
1. What is the body’s third line of defense called?
2. Define “immunity”.
3. What types of cells carry out immune responses?
4. Where are antigens located?
5. How does the body differentiate between “self” and “nonself” antigens?
6. What do you think would be the result if the lymphatic system did not recognize its own
cells as “self”?
7. After undifferentiated lymphocytes leave the red bone marrow (where they are
“born”), where do they go, and what do they become?
8. Where do T lymphocytes (T cells) “patrol”?
9. What do the lymphocytes that remain in the red bone marrow to mature become?
10. Where do B cells “patrol”?
11. How do T cells respond to recognized, foreign antigens, and what is this response
called?
12. How do B cells respond to foreign antigens?
13. What is this type of response called?
14. How are T cells activated?
15. What types of cells can be antigen-presenting cells?
16. How are T helper cells activated?
17. Once activated, what does the T helper cell do?
18. What activates cytotoxic T cells?
19. Once activated, how do cytotoxic T cells fight the infection?
20. What is the role of memory T cells, and where do they come from?
21. How do B cells become activated?
22. What is the role of T helper cells in B cell activation?
23. What else do the T helper cell’s cytokines attract?
24. What is the role of memory B cells?
25. What are plasma cells?
26. Review the Steps in Antibody Production (Table 14.2, p.377)