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Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) Your name Assignment number Course number Instructor Date Figure 1: Durian fruit With “a powerful odor reminiscent of decayed onions, Limburger cheese and sherry wine… [a] texture like a smooth, creamy custard and…a rich, sweet, faintly almond flavor,” is it any wonder that in Southeast Asia the Durian is the "King of Fruit" (2)? Origin: The durian tree is believed to have originated in the Borneo and Sumantra (1). It is also grown in South Tenasserim, Lower Burma, Malaya, southeastern India, and from Ceylon to New Guinea, with the countries of greatest amount of production being Thailand and South Vietnam (1). Attempts to grow durian in the Americas have not been particularly successful, so they are not very common in these areas (1). In 1959 The Association of Durian Growers and Sellers was established in order to regulate the quality and sales of durian fruits (1). Growing conditions: Durian plants grow in lowland rainforests, (2) in areas receiving large amounts of rainfall. They do particularly well in areas where their roots can reach water, for instance along stream banks (1). Deep soils, either alluvial or loamy, suit durians best (1). The fruits sprout directly from the tree’s trunk and main branches (2). The durian fruiting season can vary greatly depending on the climate, but once the short harvesting season, which lasts only 6-8 weeks, begins, the fruits are abundant (1). In fact in many areas, villagers will construct huts and camp in the durian plantations. Farmers must retrieve each durian immediately because the fruits are extremely perishable (1). They reach their peak maturity two to four days after falling and then begin to degrade (1). Yield: For a durian plant, the period from fruit set to harvest lasts between 3.5 and 4.5 months. One tree can produce 40 to 50 fruits per year, each weighing as much as 18 lbs. (2) which equates to about 6,000 lbs. of fruit per acre per year (1). Durian trees can live at least 150 years (2). Figure 2: Durian Tree The Dawn Bat, (Eonycteris spelea), is one of the most important pollinators; it is attracted to the plant by the flowers’ strong smell (2). Pests and Diseases: Durian plants are mildly susceptible to attack by the white mealybug (Pseudococcus lilacinus) and the giant mealybug (Drosicha townsendi). One of the few diseases afflicting durians is patch canker, which results from Phytophthora palmivor (1). The infection is detected as a brownishred ooze covering the trunk and roots of a seedling (1). Consumption: The fleshy portion of the durian fruit is most commonly eaten fresh, but it is also sometimes boiled with sugar or coconut water or made into a paste (1). As an export product, the flesh is sometimes canned in syrup or dried (1). When the shoots and leaves are young they may be cooked and eaten as greens; likewise, boiled, unripe fruits can be eaten as a vegetable (1). The seeds can be roasted, fried, boiled, or just dried and eaten (1). It may be advisable to monitor one’s seed consumption because the seeds have been known to cause shortness of breath (1) The rind of the fruit is sometimes burned and used as a dessert spice (1). Durian flesh nutritional facts: Serving Size: 100 gram Calories 147 Total Fat 5g (30%) Total 27 g (67%) Carbohydrates Dietary Fiber 4g Protein 1 g (3%) Vitamin C 33% Thiamin 25% Riboflavin 12% Vitamin B6 16% Potassium 12% Manganese 16 Other uses: Nearly all parts of the durian tree have auxiliary uses. As a technique for flavoring, meats are sometimes hung over burning rinds (1). The rinds can also be burned for fuel, and the ash works as bleach for silks (1). Durian wood is soft and coarse; it is not termite resistant or durable, but it is sometimes used in hut interiors (1). Durian flavored toothpaste is also available in some areas (1). Medicinal Properties: Durians have been used to cure many aliments. For instance, the flesh may be eaten to expel intestinal parasites (1). The leaves and roots can be ingested to lower a fever (1) Application of leaf juice to one’s head may reduce a fever, and bathing in the juice is believed to aid in curing jaundice (1). Topical application of the fruit may also alleviate swelling and other skin conditions (1). World Durian Production and Marketing Situation Country Acres in production Thailand Malaysia 338,000 ,00,000400 160,000 Indonesia Consumption (tones/ yr) Hong Kong Taiwan Singapore China 5,000 – 10,000 36,000 25,000 20,00025,000 Production (tones/yr) > 900,000 400,000 200,000 Import from Thailand (%) 90 most 20 most Export/ Import (tones/yr) 78,500 Few/ few from Thailand in offseason Import from Malaysia (%) 10 80 References: 1. Morton, J. 1987. Durian. p. 287–291. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. 2. E. Benders-Hyde, 2002, http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/durian .htm. Durian Research Papers 1. Scientists explored the nutritional compounds present in durian flesh (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and compared them with those of snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw) and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). The researchers found that durians possessed a high amount of dietary fiber than the other fruits. Likewise, the concentrations of vitamins Na, K, and Ca, and the minerals iron and copper were also higher in the durian fruit flesh. Not only did durian fruit also contain the highest amount of total and free polyphenols and flavinoids and posses the greatest antioxidant activity level overall, but also it was the most important phenolic acids that had the greatest antioxidant activity durian. The scientists conducted an experiment in which they assigned rats to one of 5 groups. Group A rats were the control group and were fed a plain basal diet; the diets of the Group B rats was comprised of the basal diet with a 1% cholesterol addition, and Groups C, D and E consumed a diet comprised of the basal diet, the 1% cholesterol addition and a 5% addition of one of the fruits. The rats eating the durian supplemented diet experienced a significantly lesser increase in plasmid lipids during the course of the experiment. The antioxidant activity decreased less in the rats receiving the durian supplemented diet, indicating durians have a greater level of bioactivity than both mangosteen and snake fruit. These results led the scientists to suggest that durian fruit be included in a diet aimed at disease prevention. Reference: Ratiporn Haruenkit, Sumitra Poovarodom, Hanna Leontowicz, Maria Leontowicz, Mietek Sajewicz, Teresa Kowalska, Efren Delgado-Licon, Nuria E. Rocha-Guzm n, José-Alberto Gallegos-Infante, Simon Trakhtenberg, and Shela Gorinstein. Comparative Study of Health Properties and Nutritional Value of Durian, Mangosteen, and Snake Fruit: Experiments In vitro and In vivo. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2007, 55, 5842-5849 2. Researchers investigated what animals eat and disperse the seeds of two different durian species in Sabah Malaysia. The two species they investigated were Durio graveolens and Durio zibethinus. Orangutans eat both species and that D. graveolens is dispersed by black hornbills while D. zibethinus is dispersed by long tail marquees. The researchers felt that this topic needed to be explored because it is believed that trees that produce large seeds, for instance durian plants, rely greatly on large frugivores to disperse these seeds. Many of these large dispersers are disappearing from the wild and scientists are interested in how this will affect the tree species. Although the seeds of both types of fruit are encapsulated in a fleshy aril, and then encapsulated in a tough, spiky outer shell, the fruits differ markedly. The outer shell of D. graveolens is orange, spherical, and opens while the fruit is still attached to the tree. The seeds of this species are smaller and are covered by an odorless, red aril. In contrast, the larger, green fruits of D. zibethinus are more egg-shaped and do not open until the fruit has fallen. The seeds of this fruit are roughly the same size, but they are covered by a white aril that is both odiferous and sweet. More fruits were eaten by Orangutans than by any other species. These consumers picked the fruit before it was ripe and they destroyed the seeds, so scientists have identified them as the most influential durian seeds predator. Although other studies have suggested that they also disperse the seeds, this function was not confirmed by this study. Once the fruits of D. graveolens were mature, they were eaten by arboreal animals such as Prevost’s squirrels (Callosciurus prevostii), black hornbills (Anthracoceros malayanus), civets (Viverridae), and long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Based on observations of feeding habits can identify only black hornbills as definite seed dispersers and not seed predators. Because they were allowed to fall to the ground first, D. zibethinus fruits were primarily eaten by terrestrial animals. Sun bears (H. malayanus) were classified as neutral consumers because they did not chew the seeds but they did not transport them either. The only seed disperser identified for D. zibethinus was the longtailed marquee, which was observed transporting the seed as far as 18m from crown of the tree that produced the seed. Scientists believe that Asian elephants (E. maximus Borneensis) may also be a seed disperser for this species. Based on these results, the researchers predict that the high predation pressure that orangutans and other frugivores exert on both species of Durio may lead to future problems with seed dispersal. Reference: Yoshihiro Nakashima, Peter Lagan, Kanehiro Kitayama. A Study of Fruit-Frugivore Interactions in Two Species of Durian (Durio, Bombacaceae) in Sabah, Malaysia Biotropica (OnlineEarly Articles). doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00335.x