* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Document 8946148
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Augustus wikipedia , lookup
Rome (TV series) wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Treaties between Rome and Carthage wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
GEOGRAPHY Italy is a peninsula in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea Rome sits at the center of the peninsula at the curve of the Tiber River Built on the seven hills Fertile plains Location allowed them to send military in all directions ORIGINS Two theories of the origin of Rome: Mythical: Created by twins, Romulus and Remus. Romulus killed Remus and became the first king of Rome. Historical: Settled by three groups of people: Latins, Greeks, & Etruscans ORIGINS CONT. 1.LATINS First to settle Rome, considered first Romans 2.GREEKS Settled along the southern coasts of Italy & Sicily Did well with trade; brought Greece and Rome together 3.ETRUSCANS Native to northern Italy Metalworkers & engineers Influenced architecture (arch) & the alphabet BEFORE THE REPUBLIC Romans elected kings to rule for life Seven kings: First king was Romulus, last was Tarquin Romans over threw the tyrannical Tarquin & thus began the Roman Republic THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 509 BC – 40 BC REPUBLIC: Form of government Power rests with the citizens Citizens vote for their leaders CITIZEN = Free-born, landowning males ROMAN SOCIETY: TWO main divisions fighting for power: 1. PATRICIANS: Citizen Wealthy landowners Had most of the power, inherited 2. PLEBEIANS: Citizen Farmers, artisans, merchants Majority of population Constantly battled over power and control of government CODIFICATION OF LAW Writing down laws so they apply to all 12 Tables Roman Written law Posted for all to see Established idea that all citizens have the right to protection Plebeians gained more power with the establishment of the tables GOVERNMENT Two main divisions within government: 1. CONSULS Two were elected Commanded army and director of government Limited power, 1 year term 2. SENATE 300 members from upper class Advised leaders on laws and foreign policy VETO power – ability to overrule a decision In time of crisis, a DICTATOR was appointed Absolute power to make laws & command army Chosen by consul & elected by senate, served for 6 months ROMAN ARMY All citizens who owned land had to serve Want to hold public office had to serve ten years Soldiers organized into LEGIONS Large military units Divided into groups of 80 men called a century Legions supported by cavalry POWER SPREADS Steadily the power of Rome grew Roman army conquered new lands & key to Rome’s greatness Conquered people enjoyed the rights of Roman citizens But could not vote Just treatment allows Rome to grow LEADING TO THE PUNIC WARS Roman Republic conquers and controls all of Italy by defeating the Etruscans in the north and the Greeks in the south Trade vital through out the Mediterranean Carthage (large city state in North Africa quickly becomes a rival PUNIC WARS 264 BC – 146 BC Rome vs. Carthage (North Africa) Cause: Conflicts over trade and control of Mediterranean region 3 Different Wars First War: 264-241BC Fought over Sicily & Western Mediterranean Carthage advantage: strong navy Rome quickly builds a strong navy Rome Wins Rome Sicily Carthage PUNIC WARS CONT. Second War: 218 – 201BC Hannibal General for Carthage Brilliant military strategist Out for revenge of first Punic War Assembled 50,000 infantry, 9000 cavalry & 60 elephants Attempted surprise attack through Alps, at first successful Romans regrouped & with aid from allies stopped Hannibal from capturing Rome PUNIC WARS CONT. Third War: 202 - 141BC Rome found leader to match Hannibal’s strength, Scipio Rome attacks Carthage Breaks through city walls Burns city to the ground People sold into slavery & city made a Roman province END OF THE REPUBLIC As Rome grew, republican government became very unstable Gap between rich and poor widens Effect: Farmers/soldiers to lose land to large estates, become homeless & lose jobs Unemployment rises Tiberius and Gaius try to help to poor but are murdered because of their ideas Slaves makeup almost 1/3 of population Civil War breaks out within Rome Soldiers become less organized, recruited from the poor, loyal only to their general PRIMARY SOURCE: HANNIBAL CROSSES THE ALPS Read and take notes as you are reading through the article in your notebook. The notes you take should answer the question: How was Hannibal successful as he moved through the Alps? Once you have completed the reading and notes, Please write an 8 - 10 sentence response to the question: How was Hannibal successful as he moved through the Alps?, using your notes to support your claims. JULIUS CAESAR TAKES CONTROL Julius Caesar Strong military leader & strategist Elected consul 59BC with the help of Crassus and Pompey, serves for year term After term as consul, he appointed himself as governor of Gaul Conquered all of Gaul along side of his men. Gained men’s loyalty and devotion. News travel to Rome, expanding his popularity CAESAR CONTINUES TO DOMINATE Popularity causes fear in other leaders, mainly Pompey Pompey attempts to stop Caesar from moving into Rome and taking power. Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, Egypt Returns to Rome a hero, named dictator for life in 44BC Ruled with absolute power but made a number of reforms REFORMS UNDER CAESAR Public lands given to the poor Roman citizenship outside of Italy Public works projects to create jobs New calendar with 365 days BEGINNING OF THE EMPIRE Caesar stabbed to death by senators jealous of power – Brutus and Cassius (44BC) New trio of leaders take control Mark Anthony, Octavian (Caesar’s nephew), Lepidus Trio falls apart, Lepidus first, then Mark Anthony (who allied with Cleopatra) & Octavian fight, Octavian wins Octavian takes new name Augustus (“exalted one”), becomes Emperor in 27 BC Republic ends and Empire begins PAX ROMANA – ROMAN PEACE Rome’s Golden Age, 27 BC to 180 AD, 207 years! Time of peace, Pax Romana (“Roman Peace”) Efficient government and able rulers Augustus Glorified Rome - beautiful buildings Form of government that lasted for centuries Business expanded Money system established – one coin used ANYWHERE in empire AGRICULTURE & TRADE 90% of Romans farmed Common coin, denarius, makes trade within empire easier Rome has vast trade network, include China & India NETWORK OF ROMAN ROADS links empire places all over the world; as far as Persia & Russia SLAVES Up to 1/3 of the population slaves Very important to life in cities and farms Public slaves: worked for government, buildings or mines Private slaves: servant, farms Treated as valuable property but treatment varied – after all, they do all the work. Their owner determined their treatment Some rebelled, most famous slave rebellion, Spartacus GLADIATORS AND THE ARENA To distract & control masses, the government put on events in Colosseum Mock battles, theater, games, chariot races and gladiator events Animals- bears or lions, used to fight each other, be hunted, or execute criminals Gladiator Criminals or slaves Forced to fight to the death Crowd would influence whether the competitor would live or die THE ARENA SHORT WRITE Why were the events in the arena (Colosseum) so popular? LAW Innocent until proven guilty Face accusers If doubt about guilt then innocent Any law that seemed unreasonable, unfair could be set aside System of checks and balances LONGEST CONTRIBUTION OF ROME ARCHITECTURE Roads Built to last using concrete & so water could flow off easier Made trade and military travel, easier Aqueducts Built to carry water into the cities to fountains Drinking water, bathing water sewers ARCHITECTURE CONT. Arches Curved structures, connected an opening and supports its own weight. Enabled bigger & stronger building to be built Pantheon – Temple to Roman gods Colosseum - Could seat up 50,000 Bath houses – Gathering place, atrium in the middle ART Mosaics – Small colored glass or stone to create a picture that decorated floors Mythology, history, everyday life, plants/animals Sculptures Marble; Copied the Greeks but then become very realistic Included flaws Subjects: Rich, famous & powerful people Murals Frescos - large paintings on walls; brightly colored of everyday people, life, plants/animals RISE OF CHRISTIANITY Prior to the expansion of the Empire, Romans religion was polytheistic and impersonal. It was illegal to believe in anything else Jews fall under Roman influence 65BC Becomes Roman province – Ruled by Herod 6AD Rome conquers Judea, home of the Jews, & makes it part of the empire, 6AD Many Jews believe a Messiah, or savior, will free them They believe Jesus is the Messiah JESUS CHRIST Born in Bethlehem, raised in Nazareth At age 30, begins preaching monotheism, Ten Commandments Does good works, performs miracles Stresses a personal relationship with god, love for friends and enemies Apostles – 12 men who were disciples (pupils) of Jesus JESUS’ DEATH Pontius Pilot, Roman governor, felt he challenged authority of Rome Jewish felt Christ was blaspheming against God Sentenced and crucified for his teachings and resurrected from the tomb CHRISTIANITY SPREADS Followers spread Christianity – new religion based on Jesus’ teachings PAUL Apostle of Christ Preached about Christianity Common languages of Latin & Greel helped spread message Jesus is the son of God who died for people’s sins Christianity open to all converts Wrote Epistles – letters to the Christian churches Saved by faith not works; Saved by grace CHRISTIANS AND ROME Christians persecuted for refusing to worship Roman gods, blamed for Rome’s troubles even more after Pax Romana Peter and Paul killed by Nero Many killed in the Colosseum – considered martyrs (those who die for a cause or belief) Peter crucified upside down JEWISH REBELLION Jews rebel against Rome Romans storm Jerusalem, destroy temple Jews driven from homeland; Begins centuries of Jewish exile. CHRISTIANITY’S WIDESPREAD APPEAL Christianity grew because it: Embraced ALL people Gave hope to the powerless Appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagance of imperial Rome Offered a personal relationship with a loving God Promised eternal life after death CONSTANTINE & CHRISTIANITY Constantine Roman emperor bettles for control of Rome in AD 312 Has vision of cross, places on shield Believe God helped him win; legalizes Christianity In AD 380 Emperor Theodosius makes Christanity religion of empire EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH Priests: Direct a single church Bishop: Supervise a number of churches Peter: First Bishop of Rome; clergy trace their authority to him Pope; the father/head of the Christian Church; Rome, center of Church THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE Pax Romana ends in AD 187 with the death of Marcus Aurelius The emperors that followed were unable to lead the giant empire Economy Weakens Outside hostile tribes the empire disrupt trade INFLATION: drop in value of money and rise in prices – weakens trade Overworked soil, war-torn farm-land leads to food shortages Marcus Aurelius THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE Military/Political Trouble Infighting and civil wars within the Empire Roman Army was no longer dominant Soldiers loyal to commanders, not Rome Government enlists mercenaries – forces soldiers to pay to fight Attacks from barbarian tribes such as Visigoths, Huns, Franks and Vandals Most lose interest in Roman affairs THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE Emperors Attempt Reform Emperor Diocletian Reforms the Empire 284 AD: Diocletian divides the empire in two Two empires: East (Greek–speaking) & West (Latinspeaking) Constantine becomes emperor of Western Empire 312 AD Seizes Eastern Empire Moves capital from Rome to Byzantium Capital renamed Constantinople THE END OF THE EMPIRE German Invasions Mongol nomads from Asia, the Huns, invade northern borders of the empire Germans, who have lived peacefully in northern empire, flee further into Empire Romans unable to stop them; Rome sacked 410 AD; Rome shocked Attila the Hun Unites the Hun; plunder 70 cities in East Attack Rome in 452 but famine and disease prevents victory AN EMPIRE NO MORE Last Roman emperor falls to Germans in 476 End of Western Empire 476 AD Odacer barbarian king conquered Romulus Augustus 14-years old Last Emperor East thrives for another thousand years (Byzantine Empire)