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Disaster in Global process March 19, 2013 PARK, Eun-kyung, Ph.D Ambassador for Water Resources Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Commerce Visiting Professor, Yonsei University 1 Statistics of Earth • Origin of Earth: 4.6 billion years • Origin of Living creature: 3 billion years • Origin of Human Beings: 4.5 million years • Hunters and Gatherers: m/t 95% of H. history • Settlements of human beings: 10,000 years • Horticultural, Pastoral, Agricultural society • Industrial society : 150 years Differentiated Industrialization • Started in the middle of the 19th Century by Northern Countries and attained the industrialized status • Current process of industrialization in Southern Countries confronted with carbon-neutral pressure of the 20th, 21st Centuries • Differentiated status resulted in conflict of “ecological debt” / “economic debt” between Northern and Southern countries 3 2014-06-18 3 Awareness of Environmental Crisis: 1960s • Ecological Economics (pioneered by Nicolas Georgescu-Roegen) --- focus on economy as a subsystem of the environment : economy constrained by environmental limits • Environmental devastation due to the excessive desire for the industrial development: broken balance in eco-system between the capacity to regenerate and the capacity to absorb the waste (beyond carrying capacity) • The Silent Spring (Rachel Carlson, 1962) 2014-06-18 1970s • Some interconnected development – the establishment of environmental ministries in Northern countries – “Limits to Growth,” 1972 publication by the Club of Rome: population, agricultural production or natural resources as variables of long-term development as major variable to limits – the first milestone of UN Conferences of Human, Environment, Development : UNCHE (Human Development), 5-16 June 1972: urgent need to respond to the problem of environmental deterioration (5 June Environment Day)— “Environment affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world” (Stockholm Declaration, para 2) 5 2014-06-18 UN Environmental Process • The Brundtland Commission, formally the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), was convened by UN in 1983. The commission was created to address growing concern "about the accelerating deterioration of the human environment and natural resources and the consequences of that deterioration for economic and social development." In establishing the commission, the UN General Assembly recognized that environmental problems were global in nature and determined that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable development. In 1987 Our Common Future: Brundtland Report: the first publication to popularize the term ‘Sustainable Development’ • Stockholm +10, Nairobi, Kenya • UNCED ( Conference of Environment and Development), Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992 :Rio Declaration on Environment and Development -- the four pillar model of SD( economic, social, environmental and institutional) the Rio Action Plan, Agenda 21, 40 chapters, 178 countries , 30,000 individuals to discuss solutions for global problems such as poverty, war, and the growing gap between industrialized and developing countries. • WSSD( World Summit on SD), Johannesburg 26 August-4 Sept. , 2002 • Rio +20 will be held in Brazil in 2012: Representation of multi-stakeholders dialogue thru the preparatory process. 2014-06-18 6 Climate Change Issues • At the UNCED, 1992, world leaders signed the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity, endorsed the Rio Declaration and the Forest Principles and adopted Agenda-21, a 300-page plan for achieving sustainable development in the 21st century . • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the first international climate treaty. It came into force in 1994 and has since been ratified by 189 countries including the United States. More recently, a number of nations have approved an addition to the treaty: the Kyoto Protocol, which has more powerful (and legally binding) measures. • The Climate Change Convention aims at “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [humaninduced] interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner” [Article 2 of the FCCC] • The Convention is complemented by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which has 184 Parties. Under this treaty, 37 industrialized countries and the European Community have committed to reducing their GHG (CO2, Ch4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 ) emissions by an average of 5.2 percent by 2012 against 1990 levels.-- emission reduction commitments abroad through so-called “market-based mechanisms” and the clean development mechanism (CDM) 2014-06-18 7 Doha COP 18 • Countries did manage to conclude negotiations on a new commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as wrap up parallel talks on how to enhance collective climate action by all countries. • This has left countries with a much streamlined, single track. • Negotiation process from next year, focused on the Durban Platform process, which is meant to agree a new global climate treaty by 2015. • Countries, however, failed to move beyond the emission reduction pledges that have been on the table since the Copenhagen conference in 2009. • With the US adamant that its 17% target for 2020 was not open for negotiation, and the EU unable to form a consensus on greater action due to opposition from Poland, there was little, if any, incentive for other major emitters to move • Global Climate Fund at Songdo, Korea CC as Security Issue • Variety of direct problems, extreme weather events, flooding storms, drought, desertification, increases in sea temperatures, heat and cold waves, the melting of glaciers and permafrost—change of sea level/abrupt changes of sea currents. • CC and safe places scarcer, conflict will be increased “global collective security” needed “CC is a security issue, because if we don‘t deal with it, people will die and states will fail (Vogel,2007)” • 17 April 2007, the UN Security Council -- cc as an important human security challenge for the first time in history 9 Global Urbanization rural 63% urban 37% 1970 rural 53% urban 47% 2000 rural 40% urban 60% 2030 Urbanization in the World Urbanization in the world URBAN POPULATION BY REGION (2005) More developed regions PERCENTAGE GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION BY REGION (2005-2020) More developed regions 7% 29% Less developed regions Less developed regions 93% 71% • Today, one in two people on the planet is an urban dweller • Urbanization is happening mostly in developing countries (93%) • Cities are growing because of: - natural increase in urban population (50%) - reclassification of rural areas as urban areas (25%) - rural-to-urban migration (25%) The Urban Challenge: The Unfolding scenario • The numbers are shocking – every day, 180,000 new urban dwellers need to be housed, need access to water and services, and need to earn a living in cities in the developing world. • Urbanization of poverty – today, slum dwellers are close to one billion. • Heavy ecological footprints – as urban areas grow, their “ecological footprint” weighs heavier and heavier on the natural environment • Demand for services outstrip supply - many urban areas are hard pressed to provide infrastructure, housing, services, and opportunities to their inhabitants. • Response to climate change – mitigation and adaptation measures are necessary to adjust in response to climate change Visit to Tsunami place (23 April, 2011) • Rikuzentakata , Iwata in Tohoku region • Population: 23,302 -death 1,356 -lost 817 ( 9.3% of whole population ) • All residential houses demolished • City Hall and Refugee Center also demolished 19 June, 2011 • (Mail OnLine 19 June 2011) Fire engines park among the debris as a search for missing people goes on in Rikuzentakata, Iwate prefecture, northeastern Japan, on March 18, days after the devastating earthquake and tsunami hit the area, top, and the same area, bottom, with the debris almost cleared as photographed on June 6 The World Water Forum The world’s largest water event Objectives: Gather all stakeholders together to debate questions related to water, its management and access Formulate concrete proposals and encourage action and solutions Solicit true and lasting political commitment A platform for debates and exchange on questions that are relevant for improved water management and access to water supply and sanitation An open and constructive place for discusssion The World Water Forum The Forum is not just a week long event. It necessitates years of preparation to achieve balanced and useful interaction. Political processes Regional Process Thematic Process Science and Technology Process A Forum for the Cause of Water Solutions are first and foremost of a political nature and must be found by reinforcing dialogue between: Governments Parliamentarians Intergovernmental Organisations / United Nations Professionals / Scientists / Experts Local Authorities NGOs / Civil Society / Users Public and Private Companies FACTS AND FIGURES FROM MARSEILLE Time for Solutions Over 35,000 entrances 15 Heads of State, Governments, UN Agencies and European Commissionners 112 Ministers, Vice-Ministers and Secretaries of State More than 350 Local and Regional Authorities and 250 Parliamentarians 400 events and sessions; 120 side events Over 1,200 accredited journalists 3,500 NGOs & civil society representatives 2,600 children and youth Hundreds of solutions and Commitments Priorities for Action and Conditions for Success 6th World Water Forum(2012) • 1.4 “Prevent and respond to water-related risks and crises” • • Coordinator: Action Contre la Faim Core group :United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, US Army Corps of Engineers, Oxfam UK 1. Preparedness 1.1 National policy for disaster risk reduction is made a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. 1.2 Disaster risk has been assessed, monitored and an early warning system has been developed. 1.3 Countries are using knowledge and innovation to build yup resilience at all levels (NB. This target is treated in the Condition for Success # 3 “enabling environment” and more specifically target 2) 1.4 Social policies are developed to reduce the most at risk population vulnerability. 1.5 Early preparedness plan for response at all levels. 2. Mitigation Upgrading of the country’s infrastructures in order to reduce the impact of a disaster. 2.1 Reduce disaster induced economic losses in 25 countries with lowest HDI to < 10% of GDP by 2020; 7% by 2030 and 5% by 2050. 3. Answer 3.1 By 2015 100% of the level 1 crisis has been addressed in an effective way through the humanitarian reform approach with systematic consideration for rehabilitation. ::Contributors to the PFA 1.4 are UN agencies involved in Disaster Risk Reduction, states and governments, Non-Governmental Organizations, research institutes and private institutions. Targets 1.4 TARGET, TSG Coordinator(s), Regional Links • Target 1: By 2015, 100 countries have adopted a national policy for disaster risk reduction and resilience and made it a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Korean Ministry of Public Administration and Security (Asia-Pacific) • Target 2: By 2015, 50 countries have identified, assessed and monitored disaster risk and developed an early warning system China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research • Target 3: By 2015, 25 countries have developed social policies to reduce the vulnerability of their most at risk populations Korea Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Maritime Affairs (Asia-Pacific) • Target 4: By 2015, 50 countries have an effective disaster preparedness plan for response at all levels Amiacque • Target 5: Reduce disaster-induced economic losses, in 25 countries with lowest HDI, to <10% of GDP by 2020, <7% GDP by 2030 and <5% GDP by 2050 US Army Corps of Engineers • Target 6: By 2015, 100% of the level one crisis has been addressed in an effective, coordinated and accountable way, through the humanitarian reform approach and with systematically consideration for rehabilitation Solidarités Intern :: Contributors to the PFA 1.4 are UN agencies involved in Disaster Risk Reduction, states and governments, Non-Governmental Organizations, research institutes and private institutions. Floods : from Risk to Opportunities (ICFM 5) • Regional cooperation and collaboration critical for flood risk reduction process. to cope with potential flood and flood - various policies and measures to address challenges we face due to cc, urbanization, environmental degradation. Global Citizenship in World of GG • Equal global status for every 7 billion people on Earth • Carbon foot print for every member of society according to common but differentiated responsibilities of individuals : obligations and commitments as enunciated in principle 7 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: “States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities.” Thank you