Download Disaster in Global process PARK, Eun-kyung, Ph.D

Disaster in Global process
March 19, 2013
PARK, Eun-kyung, Ph.D
Ambassador for Water Resources
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Commerce
Visiting Professor, Yonsei University
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Statistics of Earth
• Origin of Earth: 4.6 billion years
• Origin of Living creature: 3 billion years
• Origin of Human Beings: 4.5 million years
• Hunters and Gatherers: m/t 95% of H. history
• Settlements of human beings: 10,000 years
• Horticultural, Pastoral, Agricultural society
• Industrial society : 150 years
Differentiated Industrialization
• Started in the middle of the 19th Century by
Northern Countries and attained the
industrialized status
• Current process of industrialization in Southern
Countries confronted with carbon-neutral
pressure of the 20th, 21st Centuries
• Differentiated status resulted in conflict of
“ecological debt” / “economic debt” between
Northern and Southern countries
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Awareness of
Environmental Crisis: 1960s
• Ecological Economics (pioneered by Nicolas
Georgescu-Roegen) --- focus on economy as a
subsystem of the environment : economy
constrained by environmental limits
• Environmental devastation due to the excessive
desire for the industrial development: broken
balance in eco-system between the capacity to
regenerate and the capacity to absorb the waste
(beyond carrying capacity)
• The Silent Spring (Rachel Carlson, 1962)
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1970s
• Some interconnected development
– the establishment of environmental ministries in
Northern countries
– “Limits to Growth,” 1972 publication by the Club of
Rome: population, agricultural production or natural
resources as variables of long-term development as major
variable to limits
– the first milestone of UN Conferences of Human,
Environment, Development : UNCHE (Human
Development), 5-16 June 1972: urgent need to respond
to the problem of environmental deterioration (5 June
Environment Day)— “Environment affects the well-being
of peoples and economic development throughout the
world” (Stockholm Declaration, para 2)
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UN Environmental Process
•
The Brundtland Commission, formally the World Commission on Environment
and Development (WCED), was convened by UN in 1983. The commission was
created to address growing concern "about the accelerating deterioration of the human
environment and natural resources and the consequences of that deterioration for
economic and social development." In establishing the commission, the UN General
Assembly recognized that environmental problems were global in nature and determined
that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable
development. In 1987 Our Common Future: Brundtland Report: the first publication
to popularize the term ‘Sustainable Development’
• Stockholm +10, Nairobi, Kenya
•
UNCED ( Conference of Environment and Development), Rio de Janeiro, 3-14
June 1992 :Rio Declaration on Environment and Development -- the four pillar model of
SD( economic, social, environmental and institutional) the Rio Action Plan, Agenda 21,
40 chapters, 178 countries , 30,000 individuals to discuss solutions for global problems
such as poverty, war, and the growing gap between industrialized and developing
countries.
• WSSD( World Summit on SD), Johannesburg 26 August-4 Sept. , 2002
• Rio +20 will be held in Brazil in 2012: Representation of multi-stakeholders dialogue
thru the preparatory process.
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Climate Change Issues
• At the UNCED, 1992, world leaders signed the Framework Convention on Climate Change
and the Convention on Biological Diversity, endorsed the Rio Declaration and the Forest
Principles and adopted Agenda-21, a 300-page plan for achieving sustainable development
in the 21st century .
• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the
first international climate treaty. It came into force in 1994 and has since been ratified by
189 countries including the United States. More recently, a number of nations have
approved an addition to the treaty: the Kyoto Protocol, which has more powerful (and
legally binding) measures.
•
The Climate Change Convention aims at “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in
the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [humaninduced] interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved
within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to
ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to
proceed in a sustainable manner” [Article 2 of the FCCC]
• The Convention is complemented by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which has 184 Parties.
Under this treaty, 37 industrialized countries and the European Community have committed
to reducing their GHG (CO2, Ch4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 ) emissions by an average of
5.2 percent by 2012 against 1990 levels.-- emission reduction commitments abroad through
so-called “market-based mechanisms” and the clean development mechanism
(CDM)
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Doha COP 18
•
Countries did manage to conclude negotiations on a new commitment
period under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as wrap up parallel talks on how
to enhance collective climate action by all countries.
•
This has left countries with a much streamlined, single track.
•
Negotiation process from next year, focused on the Durban Platform
process, which is meant to agree a new global climate treaty by 2015.
•
Countries, however, failed to move beyond the emission reduction pledges that
have been on the table since the Copenhagen conference in 2009.
•
With the US adamant that its 17% target for 2020 was not open for negotiation,
and the EU unable to form a consensus on greater action due to opposition from
Poland, there was little, if any, incentive for other major emitters to move
•
Global Climate Fund at Songdo, Korea
CC as Security Issue
• Variety of direct problems, extreme weather events, flooding storms,
drought, desertification, increases in sea temperatures, heat and cold
waves, the melting of glaciers and permafrost—change of sea
level/abrupt changes of sea currents.
• CC and safe places scarcer, conflict will be increased
 “global collective security” needed
“CC is a security issue, because if we don‘t deal with it, people will die
and states will fail (Vogel,2007)”
• 17 April 2007, the UN Security Council -- cc as an important human
security challenge for the first time in history
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Global Urbanization
rural
63%
urban
37%
1970
rural
53%
urban
47%
2000
rural
40%
urban
60%
2030
Urbanization in the World
Urbanization in the world
URBAN POPULATION BY REGION (2005)
More developed
regions
PERCENTAGE GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION
BY REGION (2005-2020)
More developed regions
7%
29%
Less
developed
regions
Less developed regions
93%
71%
• Today, one in two people on the planet is an urban dweller
• Urbanization is happening mostly in developing countries (93%)
• Cities are growing because of:
- natural increase in urban population (50%)
- reclassification of rural areas as urban areas (25%)
- rural-to-urban migration (25%)
The Urban Challenge:
The Unfolding scenario
• The numbers are shocking – every day, 180,000 new urban dwellers
need to be housed, need access to water and services, and need to earn a
living in cities in the developing world.
• Urbanization of poverty – today, slum dwellers are close to one billion.
• Heavy ecological footprints – as urban areas grow, their “ecological
footprint” weighs heavier and heavier on the natural environment
• Demand for services outstrip supply - many urban areas are hard
pressed to provide infrastructure, housing, services, and opportunities
to their inhabitants.
• Response to climate change – mitigation and adaptation measures are
necessary to adjust in response to climate change
Visit to Tsunami place (23 April, 2011)
• Rikuzentakata , Iwata in Tohoku region
• Population: 23,302
-death 1,356
-lost 817 ( 9.3% of whole population )
• All residential houses demolished
• City Hall and Refugee Center also
demolished
19 June, 2011
• (Mail OnLine 19 June 2011) Fire engines park among the debris as a search
for missing people goes on in Rikuzentakata, Iwate prefecture, northeastern
Japan, on March 18, days after the devastating earthquake and tsunami hit
the area, top, and the same area, bottom, with the debris almost cleared as
photographed on June 6
The World Water Forum
The world’s largest water event
Objectives:
 Gather all stakeholders together to debate questions related
to water, its management and access
 Formulate concrete proposals and encourage action and
solutions
 Solicit true and lasting political commitment
A platform for debates and exchange on
questions that are relevant for improved water
management and access to water supply and
sanitation
An open and constructive place for discusssion
The World Water Forum
The Forum is not just a week long event. It
necessitates years of preparation to achieve
balanced and useful interaction.
Political processes
Regional Process
Thematic Process
Science and Technology
Process
A Forum for the Cause of Water
Solutions are first and foremost of a political nature and
must be found by reinforcing dialogue between:
Governments
Parliamentarians
Intergovernmental
Organisations /
United Nations
Professionals /
Scientists / Experts
Local
Authorities
NGOs / Civil
Society / Users
Public and Private
Companies
FACTS AND FIGURES FROM MARSEILLE
Time for Solutions
Over 35,000 entrances
15 Heads of State, Governments, UN Agencies and
European Commissionners
112 Ministers, Vice-Ministers and Secretaries of State
More than 350 Local and Regional Authorities and 250
Parliamentarians
400 events and sessions; 120 side events
Over 1,200 accredited journalists
3,500 NGOs & civil society representatives
2,600 children and youth
Hundreds of solutions and Commitments
Priorities for Action and Conditions for Success
6th World Water Forum(2012)
•
1.4 “Prevent and respond to water-related risks and crises”
•
•
Coordinator: Action Contre la Faim
Core group :United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, US Army Corps of Engineers,
Oxfam UK
1. Preparedness
1.1 National policy for disaster risk reduction is made a local priority with a strong institutional basis for
implementation.
1.2 Disaster risk has been assessed, monitored and an early warning system has been developed.
1.3 Countries are using knowledge and innovation to build yup resilience at all levels (NB. This target is
treated in the Condition for Success # 3 “enabling environment” and more specifically target 2)
1.4 Social policies are developed to reduce the most at risk population vulnerability.
1.5 Early preparedness plan for response at all levels.
2. Mitigation
Upgrading of the country’s infrastructures in order to reduce the impact of a disaster.
2.1 Reduce disaster induced economic losses in 25 countries with lowest HDI to < 10% of GDP by 2020;
7% by 2030 and 5% by 2050.
3. Answer
3.1 By 2015 100% of the level 1 crisis has been addressed in an effective way through the humanitarian
reform approach with systematic consideration for rehabilitation.
::Contributors to the PFA 1.4 are UN agencies involved in Disaster Risk Reduction, states and
governments, Non-Governmental Organizations, research institutes and private institutions.
Targets 1.4
TARGET, TSG Coordinator(s), Regional Links
•
Target 1: By 2015, 100 countries have adopted a national policy for disaster risk reduction
and resilience and made it a local priority with a strong institutional basis for
implementation United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
Korean Ministry of Public Administration and Security (Asia-Pacific)
•
Target 2: By 2015, 50 countries have identified, assessed and monitored disaster risk and
developed an early warning system China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower
Research
•
Target 3: By 2015, 25 countries have developed social policies to reduce the vulnerability
of their most at risk populations Korea Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Maritime
Affairs (Asia-Pacific)
•
Target 4: By 2015, 50 countries have an effective disaster preparedness plan for response
at all levels Amiacque
•
Target 5: Reduce disaster-induced economic losses, in 25 countries with lowest HDI, to
<10% of GDP by 2020, <7% GDP by 2030 and <5% GDP by 2050 US Army Corps of
Engineers
•
Target 6: By 2015, 100% of the level one crisis has been addressed in an effective,
coordinated and accountable way, through the humanitarian reform approach and with
systematically consideration for rehabilitation Solidarités Intern
:: Contributors to the PFA 1.4 are UN agencies involved in Disaster Risk Reduction, states and
governments, Non-Governmental Organizations, research institutes and private
institutions.
Floods : from Risk to Opportunities
(ICFM 5)
• Regional cooperation and collaboration critical for
flood risk reduction process. to cope with potential
flood and flood
- various policies and measures to address challenges we
face due to cc, urbanization, environmental degradation.
Global Citizenship in World of GG
• Equal global status for every 7 billion people on Earth
• Carbon foot print for every member of society according to
common but differentiated responsibilities of
individuals : obligations and commitments as enunciated in
principle 7 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development: “States shall cooperate in a spirit of global
partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and
integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. In view of the different
contributions to global environmental degradation, States
have common but differentiated responsibilities.”
Thank you