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Transcript
UNIT 3: Biochemistry BIG IDEA: Organic compounds are necessary for life to exist Organic Molecules • Organic compounds are made up of mostly Carbon • Carbon can form 4 bonds with atoms of other elements as well as with itself – Can form chains, branches and rings – Enormous variety of molecule shapes Organic Molecules • C can also share pairs of electrons • Clusters of atoms can change the nature of organic molecules Organic Molecules • Many are built by adding monomers together to build up larger polymers (macromolecule) • Dehydration synthesis builds polymers • Hydrolysis reaction breaks it down What is dehydration synthesis? • Dehydration= remove water • Synthesis= putting it together • Putting two simple sugars together by removing water Forms a disaccharide Hydrolysis • Opposite of dehydration synthesis • Separating disaccharide into two monosaccharide by adding water • Maltose+ water Glucose +Glucose Example • Glucose + Glucose Maltose + Water Classes of Organic Molecules Four classes of organic molecules are essential to living things and their life processes – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Carbohydrates • Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ratio 1C: 2H :1O Functions: • Major source of energy • Some are also used for structural support • Building block of a carb is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) Carbohydrates • “single sugar,” building blocks – ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose: these are isomers • Isomers: same chemical formula, different structural formula Carbohydrates • Many carbs are disaccharides ( 2 sugars linked by dehydration synthesis) • ex. sucrose (glucose- fructose), maltose (glucose- glucose), lactose (glucosegalactose) • Sucrose is table sugar • Lactose is milk sugar Carbohydrates • Polysaccarides-“3 or more sugars,” long branching chains of linked simple sugars, large and insoluble, functions as –short-term storage of energy • Starch: plants • Glycogen: animals • Cellulose: structural support in plants (wood) Why are Carbs Important? • Because they contain large amounts of energy that can be released by hydrolysis Lipids Lipids • Nonpolar molecules, made of mostly C and H, &some O. • Functions: •Long term storage of energy, Structural molecule in cell membranes, Waterproof covering on plants, Chemical messengers – steroids • fats, oils, and waxes. Lipids • Made up of fatty acids Glycerol and fatty acids Lipids- Glycerol Structure Lipids-Fatty acids • long straight carbon chains, with a carboxyl group at one end. Lipids- Saturated Fatty Acid single • contains only _____________ bonds between carbon atoms. Solid at room temperature, for • _________ butter example ____________. Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid • contains at least one double ________ bond Liquid between carbon atoms. _________ at room temperature, for example oil ________. Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid Fatty Acids contains more – Polyunsaturated ________________________: than one double bond between carbon atoms. –Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids and results in bad trans-fats. dehydration reaction links the fatty A ______________ acids to the glycerol molecule making fat (triglyceride). Lipids • Trigylcerides (fats)– energy storage – 3 Fatty acids and a gylcerol • Phospholipids-2 • Waxes • Steroids Cholesterol: Good or Bad? The Good News: a. Essential compound in making animal cell membranes, hormones, and vitamin D. The Bad News b. Can build-up in arteries and cause heart attacks and strokes PROTEINS III. Proteins: amino acids ___________, composed of which are made up of C, H, N, O,and S atoms A. Amino acids: 20 different 1. There are ______ amino acids that make up most proteins. 2. Draw 3. Amino acids are linked through the dehydration peptide bonds reaction by ____________ to form polypeptides ____________. 4. Amino acids can be polar, non-polar, charged or uncharged. This affects the structure of the protein. ________ B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: 1. Helixes or coils Helix B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: 1. Helixes or coils 2. Pleated Sheets Pleated Sheets B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: 1. Helixes or coils 2. Pleated Sheets 3. Globular Globular Protein C. The structure ___________ of a protein is greatly influenced by conditions such as : 1.Temperature 2.pH D. Functions: There are many different kinds of proteins each with different roles. D. Functions 1. structural support Provide ________________ and building material ________________. Example: keratin and collagen chemical 2. Control the rate of _________ reactions: enzymes D. Functions 3.Carry and transport substances in and out ofcells ____. Example: hemoglobin 4.Fight against disease _______: antibodies IV. Nucleic Acids composed of a chain of nucleotides ___________________. A. Nucleotide (draw it in) Elements:CHNOP a. Names of Nitrogenous Bases 1. Adenine (A) 2. Thymine (T) 3. Cytosine (C) 4. Guanine (G) B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded molecule. It stores the hereditary information used to make _____________________. proteins a. Nitrogenous bases pair up: • A and T • G and C C. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single stranded molecule, used in making proteins. a. Uses the nitrogenous base, Uracil (U) instead of Thymine