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Global Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, 4(1) Jan 2014, Pages: 1-6
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Global journal of biodiversity science and
management
ISSN : 2074-0875
Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/GJBSM/
Evaluation of Agricultural Management and Physical - Chemical Soil Characteristics
on Diversification of Weed Species in Farms
1
1
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Parviz Yadollahi, 1Mojtaba Khaje, 2Mohammad Reza Asgharipour, 1Ayub Amiri
Graduated MSc, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
Associate Professor, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 14 November 2013
Received in revised form 24 December
2013
Accepted 28 December 2013
Available online 18 January 2014
Keywords:
physicochemical properties of soil,
agricultural biodiversity, weed.
ABSTRACT
Weeds are not only part of the fields biodiversity, but also are able to keep Other parts
of fields biodiversity. This study investigated the effects of agricultural management
(intensive, semi -intensive and extensive farming) and physical- chemical soil
characteristics of monoculture production systems on biodiversity and Carried out on
the species structure of weed communities. Agricultural operations such as
inappropriate and short-term rotations, and or Continuous cropping's, Among the
factors reducing weed species diversity. Most low-input farms have a minimal use of
agricultural machinery and chemical inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers and
consequently a higher species diversity. also Shannon index increases with increasing
soil nitrogen, And the effect of use of agricultural inputs, increased agricultural
productions, This leads to increase in soil organic matter, And thus increase the quantity
and quality of soil organic matter, also will increase biodiversity within soil, And
finally, higher energy efficiency, reducing environmental impacts including warming
the Earth, reducing green house gas emissions. Overall, based on the results from this
study farms with low input crop management means greater energy efficiency, was
higher species diversity. The effect of Type and amount of consumption of inputs and
how weeds management on Population,density and diversity of weed species was
considerable.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Parviz Yadollahi, 1Mojtaba Khaje, 2Mohammad Reza Asgharipour, 1Ayub Amiri., Evaluation of Agricultural
Management and Physical - Chemical Soil Characteristics on Diversification of Weed Species in Farms. Glob. j. plant ecophysiol., 4(1):
1-6, 2014
INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth of human populations underlying many environmental problems. Environmental
problems can not be solved, Unless the human population problem can be solved And it work must somehow
limited total number of people on Earth planet that environment is able to provide their needs. This increase in
population has endangered planet's resources and destroyed environment (Ardekani, 2009). to ensuring of food
adequate production for a increasing global population which it is decline Biological resources and resources in
aquatic and terrestrial ecological systems, It is essential(UNPD, 2003(. Agricultural ecosystems simplification
with Using improper crop rotations, single plantings, crops having the same genotype in fields and Eradicating
weeds with natural herbicides, Environment pollution and they are causing resistance in some weeds and pests
and their damage infestations (McLaughlin and Mineau, 1995). With the advancement of science in the field of
natural resources And the need to keep biodiversity and Life precious resource management, biodiversity study
using variety of different indicators to describe and Was considered compare ecological status of eco systems to
natural resource management decisions(Barnes et al., 1998). Significant reduction of biological diversity in
agricultural landscapes have require development of approaches for sustainable management (Zechmeister et
al., 2003). Today, agricultural operations is recognized as a major cause of biodiversity loss at global level
(Catizzone et al., 1998; Asgharipour and Armin, 2010). Weeds as a complementary component of ecological
farming systems and agricultural systems are Considered an integral component of agricultural system sand are
great importance in the development and diversification of farming systems (Norouzzadeh et al, 2008). Because
many cropping plants have close family relationships and between them genetic exchange occurs. On the other
hand, a lot of weeds are a safe place to live and reproduce natural predators of crop pests, birds and small
mammals (kochaki et al, 2006). Due to the damaging effects of competition on the crops performance, most
Corresponding Author: Mohammad Reza Asgharipour, Associate Professor, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol,
Zabol, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
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Mohammad Reza Asgharipour et al, 2014
Global journal of biodiversity science and management, 4(1) Jan 2014, Pages: 1-6
farmers use for weed management approaches to minimize the damage. Such management practices can be
direct or indirect effects on biodiversity in agricultural ecological systems (Norouzzadeh et al, 2008). edaphic
factors (soil) with the effect have of soil moisture content, chemical properties and other characteristics,
important role in of plant species their distribution and diversity (Enright et al., 2005). Therefore, various
researchers have emphasized on the study of biodiversity, taking into account the physical and chemical
properties of soil (Aker and Barnes, 1998; Asgharipour and Heidari, 2011).
Therefore, the purpose of agricultural activities should not only increased performance in short term, But it
is very important to maintain stability in long term and This factor causes multi-functional features.. So it is
what it is called yield that truth is production per unit area increased with functions such as biodiversity, food
and water cycle and soil conservation, as consolidated. In other words, these two should not in conflict with
each other, And should not be substituted for another one, It is necessary to consider performance of functions
form. Beacase role of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems of different aspects is effectively including
stability and promotion of their functions.
Biodiversity:
If sustainable agriculture defined as an ecological concept of type management and operation of
agroecosystem of the benefit, While no deterioration and depletion of resources, Revive them, and ensured with
to maintain Biological integrity this systems and them operate in future, could defined biodiversity as an integral
component of of agroecosystem(Fowler and Hodgkin, 2004). biodiversity is of the main concepts of ecology
and agriculture, However, there is a complex concept, for example, (number of species), are variables that are
associated with biodiversity and is not known more than one-tenth of the Earth's surface (Wilson, 1988;
Asgharipour and Rafiei, 2011), and represented diversity of our planet and all of biologychanges from genes
level to ecosystem (Brookfield and Padoch, 1994)
Agricultural Diversification:
Agricultural diversification will form as a result of interactions between plant genetic resources, living and
non-living environment and crop management) Brookfield et al.,1994; Asgharipour et al., 2011). Agricultural
diversification is as among the several methods used by farmers of natural environments diversity for
production,land and water management and living organisms, as is (Brookfield and Padoch, 1994). Four
division is made of agricultural diversity, biophysical diversity, management diversity, agriculture biodiversity,
and corporate diversity (Stocking et al., 2001; Asgharipour and Rafiei, 2010, 2011).
Agricultural Biodiversity:
Agricultural biodiversity, Refered to diversity of living organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, etc.) that are
used in agriculture or are present (Wood and Lenne, 1999; Mir et al., 2011). With studing agricultural
ecosystems four major determinant of ecosystems properties such as plant genetic resources, management
operations, living and non living factors in the environment agriculture ecosystem functioning is based on these
factors. Plant genetic resources are represent biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems that today has a wider
meaning and include diversity of all living beings, plants, animals and microorganisms that for food production
and agricultural activities are important, is known as Agricultural biodiversity(FAOSTAT, 1999). Agricultural
biodiversity to meet three values are known,:
Use value : the value of biodiversity at the global level has increased in current function. Selective value :
the value of genetic diversity in the future will function in the future is not bright (Pardey et al., 1998).
Existential value : value that is concerned of satisfaction feel people of having such diversity (Bellon, 1996).
Biodiversity of crop plants and chosen domestic animals by farmer, all animals, and soil organisms, weeds,
herbivores and carnivores is a ecological system (Vandermeer and Perfecto, 1995).In another study presented
which Agricultural biodiversity, are includes a wide range of organisms in soil surface, such as pests, diseases,
weeds, pollinations and some of nutrientcycling controller organisms Which can be beneficial or detrimental to
agriculture (Katamkar and Mahdavi Damghani, 2008).
Physical classification of agricultural biodiversity:
Biodiversity can measured in terms of classified units (such as species, breed, variety) or in terms of genes
(Kamkar and Mahdavi Damghani, 2008). Cleveland for measured biodiversity was cited Four Words
population, variety, breed and specie can. The population is a group of particular plant varieties are under the
same management. Variety, a distinct subset of a specie that is Considereda separate name for their. Race, a
group of varietys family are related to specific characteristics,. Specie, populations that are capable of
exchanging. In some cases, such as Speciesable to do relative to gene exchange with Species very family
(Cleveland et al., 1999).
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Biodiversity assessment:
In order to effectively managment variety are require of factors to measure and evaluate how it diversity
impact on agricultural ecosystem, that called variety index (Nasiri et al, 2001).
1 - species richness:
Ecologists are presented Various methods for quantifying variation in a systems. The most simple method is
counting number of species present in an area. This factor is called species richness, due to is not considered any
indicator of diversity. While species richness not provide any information from species monotony but
application simply is their advantages (Nassiri mahalati et al, 2001).
2 - Margalef index:
Extensive studies carried out by Margalef which suggest that a linear increase in the number of population
logarithmically increases, and this relative into the following formula (Byzapur, 1997)R is species richness
index, N total number of individuals of species (weeds) of all species observed, S number of species (weeds) are
counted. Thus, this index is represents an ecosystem species richness, rational are environment in their
environmental suitable conditions (Ardekani, 2009).
Index Encompasses Species Richness and Evenness:
1 - Shannon diversity index:
The most useful index is for assessing diversity that considered is species number and species evenness
(Nassiri mahalati et al, 2001). Theoretical value of Shannon index was for plant species in natural ecological
system in range of 0 to 5 (Nassiri mahalati et al, 2005). Shannon diversity index, combination of species
richness and relative abundance of species and is calculated from the following equation:
H is Shannon index (H ≥ 0) and pi = ni / N, ni is people number (or amount of biomass) any (i th species)
and N total number of people in one area. value This index represented relative or abundance of a specie
(Nassiri et al, 2001).
2 - Simpson diversity index:
Simpson's diversity index, another factor to assess diversity used. Based on this index, any system which
none of species relative to other species not prevail, more diverse, and therefore its considered in calculation of
integrity index formula is as follows;
In this formula, n is number of species and N is total number of individuals counted (kochaki et al, 2004).
3 - Sorenson similarity index:
In order to compare species composition at diffrent time, in same plots a comparison between sample areas,
species composition in a farm and compare species composition among different types of farmsindexs such as
Sorenson similarity index is used (Magurran, 1988). Sorenson similarity index formula is:
cy weed species number shared between two farms compared
ci is weeds species number first farm
cj weeds species number II farm
Biodiversity, soil:
Soil biodiversity is determined influence by factors such as vegetation (including biomass and plant species
and communities composition), physical and chemical properties of soil, climate and interaction between soil
microorganisms (Kamkar and Mahdavi Damghani 2008).
Biodiversity within soil:
Greatest biodiversity on cropping is found in soil. Food Networks mutual interactions among soil organisms
effects on quality of crops, pests and plant diseases propagation and Hunter insects (Brussaard et al., 2007).
Some of these species can involved directly in soil ecosystem processes and services in sustainable building
agricultural systems can participate (Wall, 2005). It processes Included maintaining fertility soil through
decomposition of organic compounds and nitrogen and carbon cycles, maintain soil structure and water cycles
through strengthening and increased soil ventilation, soil aggregates, creating tunnels in soil and organic
materials Transfer other microbial in soil, effectively are on community diversity and adaptation of plants by
symbiotic relationship and mandatory mutual relationships and parasitic (Bardgett et al., 1996). Soil biodiversity
determined by factors such as soil, vegetation (including chemical quality, biomass, plant species, community
composition) physical and chemical properties of soil, climate and interaction between soil microorganisms
(Giller et al., 1997). Given this description, it is clear that any factor that affects on soil, it canaffected on
ecological functioning and therefore also soil health is determined soil sustainable management by our ability
(Kamkar and Mahdavi Damghani, 2008).
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Global journal of biodiversity science and management, 4(1) Jan 2014, Pages: 1-6
Impact of farm management and physical- chemical soil characteristics on weed species diversification
weeds are not only part of fields of biodiversity, but also are able to keep other farmland biodiversity (Marshall
et al., 2003).6 -year review were of low-input farms, most dominant weeds were, annual weeds (Elsen, 1999).
Agricultural operations such as inappropriate rotations and short-term and, or ongoing cropping, including
factors are loss of species diversity Weed (kochaki et al, 2006). Excessive use of herbicides reducing
biodiversity and species richness of weeds (Tomkins and grant, 1997). Total number of weed species has been
reported 26 families, 120 species in plantations of Khorasan that most weed species, belonging to three families
Wallflower, Asteraceae, grasses between broad and narrow leaf plants (Norvozzade et al, 2008). number of
weeds in wheat fields have been reported in 72 plant species and belonging to 23 families (kochaki et al, 2006).
In another study identify and determine dominance of weeds by quantitative indexs was conducted in rainfed
wheat fields of West Azerbaijan province, 161 farms surveyed, 137 species has been detected belonging to101
genus and28plant females. Most of Asteraceae family with 22 species, Wallflower with 19 species,
papilionaceous with 14 species and 11 species boragiaceae accounted (Narimani et al, 2009; Izsak and Papp,
2000; Universal, et al, 2012). Thus, differences in crop management practices (fertilizer and pesticides), most
important determinant of weeds species combined, and result is their diversity (kochaki et al, 2006).
In another study was conducted on the relationship between soil nitrogen and weeds diversity in wheat
fields in Mashhad with increasing soil nitrogen levels Shannon index increased (jahani, et al, 2012). Soil
nitrogen levels mainly depends on the quality and quantity of soil organic materials, so remaining plant debris
across area of study increases organic materials in soil (Tareg et al., 2009). Probably absence or deficiency of
this remains at farm level is sampled alter this trend. Vegetation and remains an essential component are of
integrated control of weeds, During fallow period to can prevent weed dominance (Kruidhof et al., 2008). The
Oat cover crops on soil surface release certain chemicals due to reduces in germination weeds (Putman et al.,
1983), but also reduces due to availability of nitrogen, becuse may also reduced carbon and nitrogen levels in
soil(Rosecrance et al., 2000).systems that also often have higher nitrogen have microbial communities than
chemicals consumer societies (jahanikondari et al, 2012). The type and amounts of nutrients entering to soil
from various sources on the composition and diversity in communities and weed is effective (Yin et al., 2006).
Abundance and diversity of weeds greatest impact on soil characteristics such as percent nitrogen, organic
carbon (Hawes et al., 2010).
Soil pH is one of environmental factors affecting plant diversity and plant diversity is strongly correlated
with soil pH. The relationship between soil types in central depends on species evolution. If center of the
evolution of a species in soil with low pH (near the equator), the relationship between soil pH and plant
diversity strongly negative, but if main centers of species evolution in soils with high pH (the widths above)
connected to a pH of plant diversity generally is higher (Partel et al., 2004).
if more than 45367.6 MJ / ha are set to be filled fields (Ghorbani et al., 2011). 11 % -19 % reduction in the
rate of input factors, 12 % -24 % reduction in warming the earth ¬ ¬ ozone is formed and 5 % -15% ((Deytieux
et al., 2012). weeds Integrated Control Management, which consists of two or more control methods,
appropriate and well-known to reduce chemical inputs and increase biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems
(Bastiaans, 2008).
Conclusions:
Overall, based on results from this studyfarms with low input crop management means higher energy
efficiency, a higher species diversity. The effect of consumption of inputs and how weeds management on
diversity and density of weed speciesis remarkable. And to a lesser extent inputs are consumed by a variety of
weeds in this fields above will stable.
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