Download Final Exam Review

ABSOLUTISM
•1.
ABSOLUTISM IS A TYPE OF GOV. IN WHICH THE RULER HAS
ABSOLUTE POWER
•2.
MONARCHS JUSTIFIED THEIR ABSOLUTE RULE BY CLAIMING
THAT THEY HAD DIVINE RIGHT TO RULE BY GOD
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WAS A MAJOR CHANGE IN EUROPEAN THOUGHT IN THE 1500’S THAT LED TO PEOPLE
BEGINNING TO QUESTION THE WORLD AROUND THEM
• DISCOVERIES:
• HELIOCENTRIC THEORY: SUN IS CENTER OF UNIVERSE
• TELESCOPE
• SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• PRINTING PRESS
• GRAVITY
• IMPACT ON THE PEOPLE:
• BEGAN TO DISCOVER NEW MEDICINE TO HELP STOP DISEASE AND SICKNESS
• CONFLICTED AND WEAKENED THE STRENGTH OF THE CHURCH
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
• THE ENLIGHTENMENT WAS THE APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO ALL ASPECTS OF SOCIETY
• AGE OF REASON BECAUSE PEOPLE BEGAN TO STUDY THE REASONING BEHIND THE WAY SOCIETY WORKED
• HOBBES: BELIEVED PEOPLE WERE SELFISH AND GREEDY IN A STATE OF NATURE AND NEEDED THE GOV. TO PROTECT
THEM THROUGH A SOCIAL CONTRACT. FAVORED ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
• VOLTAIRE: PROMOTED RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE AND FREE SPEECH, HIGHLY INFLUENCED THE FIRST AMENDMENT IN
THE U.S.
• MONTESQUIEU: SEPARATION OF POWERS
• ROUSSEAU: INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM, SOCIAL CONTRACT WHERE PEOPLE GIVE UP SOME FREEDOM FOR COMMON
GOOD
• LOCKE: LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY…IF A GOV. FAILS TO PROTECT THAT, THE PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO OVERTHROW
IT
FRENCH
REV.
AND
NAPOLEON
• CAUSES OF FRENCH REV:
• THE ESTATES SYSTEM AND ITS UNFAIR CLASS STRUCTURE
• ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS IMPACTING THE PEOPLE OF THE THIRD ESTATE
• NO FOOD OR MONEY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• WEAK LEADERSHIP OF LOUIS XVI/MARIE ANTOINETTE
• DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN:
• ALL MEN BORN FREE AND EQUAL
• NATURAL RIGHTS TO LIBERTY, PROPERTY, SECURITY
• FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND RELIGION
• VERY SIMILAR T O DEC. OF IND. AND INFLUENCED BY IT
• ROBESPIERRE RULED FRANCE AS A DICTATOR
• REIGN OF TERROR: EXECUTION OF ANY ENEMY OF ROBESPIERRE OR THE REVOLUTION
• SIMILAR TO STALIN IN THE FACT THAT THEY BOTH CARRIED OUT PURGES OF ENEMIES OF THE STATE
• NAPOLEON BONAPARTE: BECAME A WAR HERO DURING THE REVOLUTION. NAPOLEON OVERTHREW THE
DIRECTORY WITH THE BACKING OF THE MILITARY AND TOOK OVER AS A DICTATOR. HE LATER CROWNED
HIMSELF EMPEROR
• NAPOLEON BEGAN SPREADING THE FRENCH EMPIRE ACROSS EUROPE WITH HIS MILITARY
• HE SPREAD A SLIGHTLY DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZED COMMON LAW SYSTEM KNOWN AS THE NAPOLEONIC
CODE ACROSS EUROPE
• INVADED RUSSIA DURING THE WINTER AND DID NOT RETREAT UNTIL IT WAS TOO LATE
• LEGACY OF NAPOLEON: ONE OF THE WORLDS BEST MILITARY MINDS, SPREAD DEMOCRATIC NAPOLEON CODE,
LED TO RISE OF NATIONALISM ACROSS EUROPE
•CONGRESS OF VIENNA:
•GOALS: ESTABLISH PEACE, BALANCE OF POWER, RESTORE
CONSERVATIVE RULERS, SURROUND FRANCE WITH STRONG
COUNTRIES
•LED TO LONGEST LASTING PEACE IN EUROPEAN HISTORY
NATIONALISM
• NATIONALISM: STRONG SENSE OF PRIDE IN YOUR COUNTRY
• GOALS: WANT TO CONTROL THEIR OWN GOV OF COMMON PEOPLE, INDEPENDENCE
• CAN EITHER UNIFY COMMON PEOPLE TOGETHER OR DISUNIFY BY CREATING AN US VS. THEM
MENTALITY WHICH SPLIT APART EMPIRES
• OTTO VON BISMARCK: GERMAN NATIONALIST WHO USED REAL POLITIK
• REAL POLITIK: SELF INTEREST IS GREATER THAN MORALS, POWER POLITICS, THE ENDS JUSTIFY
THE MEANS
• LED TO UNIFICATION OF GERMAN NATION AND THE END OF THE AUSTRIAN/PRUSSIAN EMPIRE
INDUSTRIALIZATION
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: SHIFT FROM AGRICULTURAL, MAN MADE GOODS TO
INDUSTRIALIZED MACHINE MADE GOODS
• ADVANCEMENTS IN FARMING (ENCLOSURES, CROP ROTATION), MACHINES,
FACTORIES, STEAM ENGINE
• FACTORS OF PRODUCTION: LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL (MONEY)
• BEGAN IN ENGLAND BECAUSE THEY HAD THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION NEEDED TO
INDUSTRIALIZE
IMPERIALISM:
• WHY IMPERIALIZE AFRICA:
• NATIONALISM: MAKE NATION GREATER
• ECONOMIC EXPANSION: TAKE RESOURCES
• IDEOLOGY: EUROPEAN RACISM (SOCIAL DARWINISM/WHITE MANS BURDEN)
• THEY WERE STRONGER THAN THE AFRICAN NATIONS
•BERLIN CONFERENCE: EUROPEAN NATIONS DECIDED ON BORDER
LINES WHERE THEY WOULD DIVIDE AFRICA AMONG EACH OTHER
•SUEZ CANAL: IN EGYPT BETWEEN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE RED
SEA. IMPORTANT BECAUSE OF ITS STRATEGIC LOCATION AS A TRADE
ROUTE BETWEEN ASIA, AFRICA, AND EUROPE
•SUN NEVER SETS ON BRITISH EMPIREBRITAIN HAD LAND IN ALL
CORNERS OF THE WORLD, THE SUN LITERALLY NEVER SET ON A THE
BRITISH EMPIRE
•INDIA WAS MOST IMPORTANT COLONY BECAUSE OF ITS LARGE AMOUNT
OF RAW MATERIALS AND LARGE POPULATION
•BRITAIN FORCED INDIANS TO ONLY BUY BRITISH GOODS, SET UP LARGE
RAIL SYSTEM, TREATED INDIANS WITH BRUTALITY
•SEPOY REBELLION: REBELLION OVER RUMORS OF BEEF AND PORK FAT USED
ON CARTRIDGES
•INDIANS FOUGHT BACK AGAINST BRITISH CONTROL IN SEPOY REBELLION
BUT WERE NOT ABLE TO UNITE
•CHINA: ALLOWED THE BRITISH TO EXPLOIT THEM BY HOOKING THEM
ON OPIUM AND MAKING THEM RELIANT ON THE DRUG
•ALLOWED EUROPEAN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE TO DOMINATE THEM
•OPIUM WAR AND BOXER REBELLION TO TRY TO RID CHINA OF
EUROPEAN CONTROL AND LED TO THEM TRYING TO STRENGTHEN
THEMSELVES
•JAPAN: WHEN APPROACHED BY THE U.S. NAVY TO TRADE, JAPAN
QUICKLY MODERNIZED AND STRENGTHENED THEMSELVES TO AVOID
IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN
WWI
• LONG TERM CAUSES: MAIN
• MILITARISM: EUROPEAN COUNTRIES EXPANDING MILITARY AND GLORIFYING MILITARY PRESTIGE
• ALLIANCES: SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES BETWEEN MANY EUROPEAN NATIONS PULLED EUROPE QUICKLY
INTO WAR
• IMPERIALISM: INTENSE COMPETITION OVER COLONIES AND RESOURCES INCREASED TENSIONS
• NATIONALISM: BELIEF THAT YOUR COUNTRY WAS BEST LED TO COMPETITION AND TENSION
• ALLIANCES:
• TRIPLE ENTENTEALLIED POWERS: GB, FRANCE, RUSSIA
• TRIPLE ALLIANCE CENTRAL POWERS: GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, ITALY
•SHORT TERM CAUSES:
•BALKAN STATES: HIGHLY NATIONALISTIC AREA WITH TENSION
BETWEEN NATIONS
•AUSTRIA HAD TAKEN BOSNIA INTO ITS EMPIREBOSNIA WANTED TO
GET RID OF AUSTRIAN CONTROL
•GAVRILLO PRINCIP (BOSNIAN BACKED TERRORIST) ASSASSINATED
ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND FROM AUSTRIABOOM WWI IGNITED
•SCHLIEFFEN PLAN: SWEEP INTO FRANCE, TAKE PARISRUSSIA
•FAILED
•TRENCH WARFARE: STALEMATE WHERE BOTH SIDES ARE
FIGHTING DEFENSIVE BATTLES WITH NO MANS LAND IN MIDDLE
•MACHINE GUN FIRE, ARTILLERY, TANKS, PLANES, GASSES MADE NO
MAN’S LAND A DEATH SENTENCE
• FACING MASSIVE LOSSES, RUSSIA WITHDREW FROM THE WAR AFTER THEIR RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
• NOW A ONE FRONT WAR, THE U.S. ENTERED ON THE ALLIED SIDE
• WITH AMERICAN HELP, THE ALLIES ONE THE WAR AFTER THE SECOND BATTLE OF THE MARNE
• TREATY OF VERSAILLES:
• AMERICA: PROMOTE PEACE WITH WILSON’S 14 POINTS
• BRITAIN/FRANCE: PUNISH GERMANY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• VERSAILLES VS. VIENNA:
• VERSAILLES LED TO ANGER, PUNISHMENT, AND UNSTABLE TRUCE
• CONGRESS OF VIENNA DID NOT PUNISH FRANCE, MADE EVERYONE HAPPY AND LED TO PEACE
REVOLUTION AND INTERWAR YEARS
•CAUSES OF RUSSIAN REV:
•HARSH ABSOLUTE RULE OF CZARS
•INDUSTRIALIZATIONCLASS STRUGGLE AND POVERTY
•LOST RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
•BLOODY SUNDAY
•WWI
•COMPARE RUSSIA/FRANCE
•BOTH HAD CLASS STRUGGLE, POOR, ILL-FED LOWER CLASS
•BOTH HAD HARSH RULERS BEFORE REV.
•BOTH WERE FUELED BY THE PEASANT CLASS
•BOTH WENT THROUGH DEVASTATING PURGES
•LENIN:
•WANTED TO SPREAD COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA
•PROMISED PEACE, LAND AND PROPERTY
•BOLSHEVIK REV: OVERTHREW THE PROVISIONAL GOV. LED BY
KERENSKY AND PUT IN PLACE LENIN AND COMMUNISM
RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
•TOTALITARIANISM: TOTAL CONTROL BY THE
GOVERNMENT OVER EVERY ASPECT OF LIFE
•DICTATORSHIP/ONE PARTY RULE
•GLORIFY STATE
•STATE CONTROL OVER EVERYTHING
•PROPAGANDA
•FORCE TO CRUSH OPPOSITION
• STALIN CAME TO POWER AFTER A POWER STRUGGLE WITH LEON TROTSKY
• STALIN WAS FOCUSED ON DEVELOPING A STRONG MILITARY AND INDUSTRY
• STALIN SET UP A COMMAND ECONOMY WHERE GOV. MADE ALL DECISIONS
• SET UP 5 YEAR PLANS: QUOTA SYSTEM PUT IN PLACE ON GOODS AND FOOD TO
INCREASE PRODUCTION
• COLLECTIVIZATIONGOVERNMENT OWNED FARMS WHERE FARMERS WERE FORCED
TO GIVE UP FOOD TO MEET QUOTA’S. LED TO MASSIVE MANMADE FAMINE IN UKRAINE
• GREAT PURGE: GOT RID OF ANY OPPOSITION TO STALIN, INCLUDING HIS TOP
ADVISORS/MILITARY MEMBERS
CHINA
•CIVIL WAR: NATIONALISTS VS. COMMUNISTS LED BY MAO ZEDONG
•NATIONALISTS WERE NOT FOCUSED ON IMPROVING THE LIVES OF THE
PEASANTS, COMMUNISTS PROMISED TO GIVE PEASANTS LAND
•PEASANTS SUPPORTED COMMUNISTS AND MAO ZEDONG DUE TO HIS
PROMISE TO GIVE THEM LAND AND FOOD
•COMMUNISTS WON CIVIL WAR AND PUT ZEDONG IN PLACE AS LEADER
INDIA
•INDIAN NATIONALISTS: GET RID OF BRITAIN!
•BRITISH POLICIES:
•PROMISED FREEDOM DURING WWILIED AND NEVER GAVE INDIA
INDEPENDENCE
•MASSACRED PEACEFUL PROTESTORS
•HIGH TAXES ON INDIANS
•ALL OF THESE LED TO INDIANS UNITING TO GET RID OF BRITAIN
•GANDHI: LEADER OF INDIAN NATIONALIST INDEPENDENCE
MOVEMENT
•PRACTICED SATYAGRAHA OR PEACEFUL CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
•USED PEACEFUL PROTEST TO ACCOMPLISH HIS GOALS
•PEACEFUL MARCH TO SEA FOR SALT DURING SALT MARCH
AND OTHER PEACEFUL PROTESTS
•BRITAIN USED BRUTALITY AGAINST PEACEFUL
PROTESTORSWORLD BEGAN TO SYMPATHIZE WITH INDIA
FASCISM:
•FASCISM: EXTREME NATIONALISTIC GOVERNMENT FOCUSED ON
PROMOTING STATE
•PEOPLE TURNED TO FASCISM TO FIX THE PROBLEMS FACING NATIONS
AFTER WWI
•INFLATION, POVERTY,, WEAK GOVERNMENTS, ANGER OVER VERSAILLES
•SIMILAR TO COMMUNISM IN THAT THEY HAVE TOTALITARIAN
GOVERNMENTS
•THE POOR CONDITIONS IN ITALY AND GERMANY FORCED THEM TO TURN TO
STRONG LEADERS LIKE HITLER AND MUSSOLINI
•MUSSOLINI PROMISED TO BRING STABILITY AND A BETTER ECONOMY TO
ITALYFORCED OVERTHROW OF GOV. AND BECAME PRIME MINISTER
•HITLERATTEMPTED TO OVERTHROW GOV. AND FAILED. HE LATER
BECAME CHANCELLOR AFTER NAZI PARTY WON MAJORITY IN PARLIAMENT
•NAZISM: FASCIST PARTY IN GERMANY FOCUSED ON SUPERIORITY OF
ARYAN RACE AND PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS
WWII
•AXIS POWERS=GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN
•AGGRESSION:
• JAPANMANCHURIA
• JAPANCHINA
• ITALYETHIOPIA
• GERMANYRHINELAND, AUSTRA, SUDETENLAND, CZECH, POLAND
• LEAGUE/BRITAIN/FRANCE=APPEASEMENT, THEY DO NOTHING
• GIVE IN TO HITLER TO AVOID WAR
• BLITZKRIEG=LIGHTENING WAR, ADOPTED MODERN WEAPONS TO MODERN STRATEGY.
USED PLANES FIRST, THEN TANKS AND GROUND FORCES TO INVADE
• NOT USING WEAPONS FOR DEFENSE, USING THEM FOR OFFENSE UNLIKE IN WWI
• WESTERN CONQUESTINVADE NW EUROPE THEN TURN TO FRANCE GOING AROUND
THE MAGINOT LINETAKE FRANCETRY TO TAKE BRITAIN (BATTLE OF BRITAIN)
• EASTERN CONQUEST=INVADE USSRSIEGE LENINGRADMARCH TO
STALINGRADINVADE DURING WINTER (BAD IDEA)LOSE MOST OF
ARMYRETREAT
•TURNING POINT BATTLES
•N. AFRICA=EL ALAMEINTURN THE AXIS POWERS BACK IN
EGYPT AND PREVENTED THEM FROM TAKING SUEZ CANAL
•EUROPE=D-DAY OPENS TWO FRONT WAR
•STALINGRAD=HITLER MADE DEVASTATING MISTAKE INVADING IN
WINTER
•BATTLE OF BULGE=HITLERS LAST OFFENSIVE
•DDAYLIBERATION OF FRANCE AND GERMAN RETREAT
•JAPAN:
•ISLAND HOPPING CAMPAIGN WORKING WELL AFTER BATTLE OF
MIDWAY
•U.S. TAKES OKINAWA AND IWO JIMA, 2 ISLANDS CLOSE TO JAPAN
•U.S. DECIDES DROPPING NUKE WOULD SAVE MORE LIVES THAN AN
INVASION
•HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI BOMBED WITH ATOMIC BOMBJAPAN
SURRENDERS
•HOLOCAUST: PERSECUTION AND GENOCIDE AGAINST THE JEWS
•6+MILLION DEAD
•FINAL SOLUTION: EXTERMINATION OF JEWS AT DEATH CAMPS
•UNITED NATIONS:
•PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL PEACE
•DIFFERENT IN THAT MOST COUNTRIES JOINED AND IT ACTUALLY HAD
POWERS TO PUNISH COUNTRIES OR USE FORCES IN CONFLICT
COLD WAR
• WAR BETWEEN U.S. AND USSR FOUGHT OVER POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL SYSTEM
DOMINANCE
• IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT: DEMOCRACY VS. COMMUNISM
• SOVIET BLAME:
• BERLIN CRISIS, CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, BACKING COMMUNIST TAKE OVERS IN ASIA, WARSAW
PACT, INVOLVEMENT IN ARMS RACE/SPACE RACE
• U.S. BLAME:
• MARSHALL PLAN/TRUMAN DOCTRINE SPREAD DEMOCRACY, NATO, FIGHTING WARS IN
KOREA/VIETNAM, BACKING DEMOCRATIC GOV. AROUND THE WORLD
• CONTAINMENT:
• TRUMAN DOCTRINE: U.S. WOULD AID AND HELP SPREAD FREE DEMOCRACIES
• MARSHALL PLAN: PROVIDE AID TO COUNTRIES TO REBUILD IN EUROPE AFTER WWII
• NATO: ALLIANCE BETWEEN DEMOCRATIC NATIONS TO PROTECT ALL DEMOCRACY FROM THREAT OF COMMUNISM
• IRON CURTAIN DIVIDED EASTERN AND WESTERN EUROPE
• BERLIN WALL SEPARATED EAST BERLIN FROM WEST BERLIN
• USSR CRUSHED REBELLION IN HUNGARY KILLING 20,000 PEOPLE
• WARSAW PACT: ALLIANCE BETWEEN COMMUNIST NATIONS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM DEMOCRATIC NATIONS
• GLASTNOST OPENNESS, OPENED USSR TO FREEDOM OF PRESS AND SPEECH
• PERESTROIKA ALLOWED SMALL SCALE CAPITALISM
• PEOPLE HAD A TASTE OF DEMOCRACY AND WANTED MORELED TO COLLAPSE OF USSR
•INDIA/PAKISTAN: DURING INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT
MUSLIM LEAGUE AND CONGRESS PARTY DIVIDED
•MUSLIMS PERSECUTED BY HINDUS AND VICE VERSA
•PARTITIONED INDIA INTO PAKISTAN MUSLIM NATION AND
HINDU INDIA
•STILL DIVIDED TODAY AND STILL HIGH TENSIONS
•MAO’S GREAT LEAP FORWARD:
•IMPLEMENTED COLLECTIVE FARMING IN COMMUNES IN CHINA
•TOTALLY FAILED, MASSIVE FAMINE LED TO 20 MILLION DEAD
•DECOLONIZATION: INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN
COLONIES
•NEW GOV. TYPICALLY INSTABLE AND WEAK
•CONFLICT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND VIOLENCE
ISRAEL
• ZIONISM: JEWISH NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
• BALFOUR DECLARATION: NEW JEWISH NATION STATE IN JERUSALEM PROPOSED FOR
A JEWISH SAFE HAVEN
• ISRAEL FORMED AFTER UN DIVIDED PALESTINIAN LANDS AFTER 1948 IN ORDER TO
GIVE JEWS A SAFE PLACE TO LIVE AFTER WWII
• IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE: JEWS FLOCK TO ISRAEL, INSTANTLY FACE CONFLICT
BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE
• LONG TERM CONSEQUENCE: CONTINUED VIOLENCE AND BORDER DISPUTES BETWEEN
ISRAELI’S AND PALESTINIANS