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2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY Chapter 7 Old Regime: political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution Continental System: Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and Continental Europe, intending to destroy Great Britain's economy Marie Antoinette: wife of Louis XVI, nickname "Madame Deficit" because she spent more money than they had to spend First Estate: Clergy and 2 % of their income went to the government Second Estate: Nobles (2% of population) Third Estate: (about 97% of people) three groups within the estate: the bourgeoisie, or middle class; workers; and peasants Tennis Court Oath: a pledge made by members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new Constitution Great Fear: a wake of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789 Legislative Assembly: a French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the Constitution in 1791 Émigrés: people who leave their native country for political reasons San-culottes: in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end to food shortages Maximillien Robespierre: a Jacobin leader and leader of the Committee of Public Safety whom governed France as a dictator whose period of reign was call Reign of Terror and he sentenced thousands to death for silly charges Guillotine: a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution Blockade: the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region Guerillas: a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country Peninsular War: a conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleon's French troops out of Spain Battle of Waterloo: battle led by the Duke of Wellington and the British army against Napoleon and the his French army in 1815 2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY Hundred Days: the brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French king and again becoming emperor of France Scorched-earth policy: the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land Emperor Francis I: Holy Roman Emperor and Grand of Duke of Tuscany Czar Alexander I: Emperor of Russia who fought and befriend Napoleon, took part in the Congress of Vienna and drove for the establishment of the Holy Alliance King Louis XVIII: King of France and his reign saw France's first experiment in parliamentary government since Revolution Prince Klemens von Metternich: foreign minister of Austria who wanted to prevent future French aggression, restore a balance of power, and restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had before Napoleon Congress of Vienna: a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon Chapter 8: Creoles: in Spanish colonial society, a colonist who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents Nationalism: the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation--that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history--rather than to a king or empire Ludwig van Beethoven: deaf European composer known for his Ninth Symphony, celebrating freedom, dignity, and the triumph of human spirit Romanticism: an early 19th century movement in art and thought, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society Impressionist artists and composers: impressionists showed a more realist style showing impressions of a subject or moment in time and these artists were fascinated with light; they showed a more positive view on urban society in Western Europe and gloried the delights of life of the rising middle class. Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir were leaders in the movement; composters created impressions of moods and atmosphere by using a combination of instruments, tone patterns, and music structures. French composers= Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy Realism: a 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be Unifications of Italy and Germany: Camillo Di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi unified Italy; Otto von Bismarck helped Germany achieve national unity in the mid-1800's. 2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY Romanticism and Nationalism linked?: Yes, Nationalism is the belief that you should be loyal to your nation, regardless of who is in reign and romanticism is known for focusing on emotion and nature. peninsulares: in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Spain Chapter 9: Enclosure: one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields of created by wealthy Bristish landowners on land that was formally worked by village farmers Crop Rotation: the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land Agricultural Revolution: time period where landowners tried new agricultural methods and large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities Industrial Revolution: the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine First area to undergo industrialization: Britain Best place to find a water frame and spinning mule: Britain Entrepreneur: a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of business Early factory conditions: worked long hours with no breaks, factories not lit or clean, many injured workers, both women and children were employed Adam Smith/capitalism/The Wealth of Nations: Adam Smith is known for his idea of Laissez Faire and defended the idea of free economy or free markets in his book The Wealth of Nations and the book outlined his three natural laws of economics: law of self-interest, law of competition, and law of supply and demand; capitalism: an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit Utilitarianism: the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700's, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people Karl Marx/communism: German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism and outlined his ideas in The Communist Manifesto which argued that human societies have always been divided in warring classes; communism: a form of complete socialism in which the means of production, all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses, would be owned by the people Unions: an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages Laissez faire: the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses 2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY Factors of Production: the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required; included: land, labor, and capital (or wealth). Chapter 10: Reform Bill of 1832: law passed by British Parliament to ease the property requirements to that well-todo men in the middle class could vote; also modernized the districts for electing members to Parliament and gave thriving new industrial cities more representation Chartist Movement: a group of workers and other groups who still could not vote under the Reform Bill of 1832 who were pressing for more rights; group presented their demands to Parliament in a petition called the People’s Charter of 1838 Queen Victoria: Queen at age of 18 during the Victorian Age and the British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power; Victoria was popular with her subjects and she performed her duties capably, but was forced to later accept a less powerful role in the monarchy Alfred Dreyfus: A Jewish officer in the French Army who was accused of selling military secrets to Germany; court found him guilty based on false evidence and sentenced him to life in prison. He was later found not guilty and that he was framed by army officers (Dreyfus Affair) Zionism: a movement founded in the 1890’s to promote Jewish self-determination and the establishment of a Jewish state in the ancient Jewish homeland Anti-Semitism: prejudice against Jews Anti-Communism: against communism Dominion: in the British Empire, a nation (such as Canada) allowed to govern its own domestic affairs Protestants: a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of Reformation Home Rule: a control over internal matters granted to the residents of a region by a ruling government Maori: a member of a Polynesian people who settled in New Zealand around A.D. 800 Manifest Destiny: the idea, popular among 19th-century Americans, that it was the right and the duty of the United States to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean Great Famine of? Potato crop in Ireland Gadsden Purchase: in 1853, an agreement between the United States and Mexico and which the U.S. agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a portion of Mexico’s land and brought the United States to its present boundaries What event provoked the secession of the Southern states from the United States? Conflict between the North and South = Civil War breaks out 2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY Trail of Tears: In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma; called Trail of Tears because of the devastating journey Assembly line/Henry Ford: in a factory, an arrangement in which product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in its manufacture; through an assembly line, workers were able to put together a Ford Model T in less than 2 hours First country to allow women to vote? New Zealand First British colony originally set up as a penal colony? Australia Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829 affected the rights of Roman Catholics who lived in? Ireland The outbreak of the Civil War was a direct result of? the election of President Abraham Lincoln who Southerners opposed because he promised to stop the spread of slavery Territory ceded by Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War? California and a huge area in the Southwest Texas fought for its independence from? Mexico Women’s Social and Political Union: most militant organization for women’s rights whose main goal was to draw attention to the cause of woman suffrage Emmeline Pankhurst: formed the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903 Chapter 13: Three nations who belonged to Triple Alliance? Germany, Austria—Hungary, Italy Three nations who belonged to Triple Entente? Britain, France, Russia Countries who made up Europe’s Great Powers? Germany, Austria—Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France Fourteen Points: an address to Congress by President Woodrow Wilson that drew up a series of peace proposals Which nation’s actions caused the United States to fight in World War I? Germany