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ABO Blood Type: An Example of Genetic Variation • Humans have two copies of an enzyme that makes carbohydrates that stick off of the red blood cell plasma membrane. • In some humans this enzyme has a structure that causes it to make A type carbohydrates. ABO Blood Type: An Example of Genetic Variation • In others this enzyme has a structure that causes it to make B type carbohydrates. • In others they may have copies of both enzyme structures. • In still others this enzyme has a structure that makes in nonfunctional so no carbohydrate is made. How can one enzyme have so many different possible structures? Let’s look at how these protein enzymes are made: from DNA to mRNA to Protein… The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein – DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview – Genetic information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into polypeptides (proteins). The Genetic Code How does a change in the DNA code affect the structure of a protein? ABO Blood Type: An Example of Genetic Variation • So the ABO gene has – different DNA sequences that code for the – different protein enzyme structures that makes one of these – different types of carbohydrates. Genetic Variation!!! – The immune system produces antibodies! • These may cause clotting when blood cells of a different type enter the body.