Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Embryonic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Chimera (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Hematopoietic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
Microbial cooperation wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Human embryogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal lineage marker wikipedia , lookup
18/04/12 Animal Systems Organization & Functions BIOL212 Overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges • Anatomy is the study of the biological form of an organism • Physiology is the study of the biological funcDons an organism performs • The comparaDve study of animals reveals that form and funcDon are closely correlated © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 40.1 1 18/04/12 Concept 40.1: Animal form and funcDon are correlated at all levels of organizaDon • Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its environment • Many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the genome © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. EvoluDon of Animal Size and Shape • Physical laws constrain strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange • As animals increase in size, their skeletons must be proporDonately larger to support their mass • EvoluDonary convergence reflects different species adaptaDons to a similar environmental challenge Video: Shark EaDng Seal Video: Galápagos Sea Lion © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 40.2 Seal Penguin Tuna 2 18/04/12 Exchange with the Environment • Materials such as nutrients, waste products, and gases must be exchanged across the cell membranes of animal cells • Rate of exchange is proporDonal to a cell’s surface area while amount of exchange material is proporDonal to a cell’s volume Video: Hydra EaDng Daphnia © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • A single-‐celled proDst living in water has a sufficient surface area of plasma membrane to service its enDre volume of cytoplasm • MulDcellular organisms with a saclike body plan have body walls that are only two cells thick, facilitaDng diffusion of materials © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 40.3 Mouth Gastrovascular cavity Exchange Exchange Exchange 0.1 mm 1 mm (a) Single cell (b) Two layers of cells 3 18/04/12 • In flat animals such as tapeworms, the distance between cells and the environment is minimized • More complex organisms have highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging materials © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 40.4 External environment CO2 O Food 2 Mouth Heart Digestive system 250 µm Lung tissue (SEM) Cells Interstitial fluid Circulatory system Nutrients Excretory system 100 µm Lining of small intestine (SEM) Respiratory system od Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (nitrogenous waste) Blood vessels in kidney (SEM) 50 µm Blo Animal body Figure 40.4a External environment Mouth CO2 Food O2 Blo Animal body Respiratory system od Heart Digestive system Nutrients Cells Interstitial fluid Circulatory system Excretory system Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (nitrogenous waste) 4 18/04/12 Fjords increase shoreline: Milford Sound, New Zealand Lining of small intestine (SEM) 100 µm Figure 40.4b 5 18/04/12 250 µm Figure 40.4c Lung tissue (SEM) Blood vessels in kidney (SEM) 50 µm Figure 40.4d • In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled with inters11al fluid, which allows for the movement of material into and out of cells • A complex body plan helps an animal living in a variable environment to maintain a relaDvely stable internal environment © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 18/04/12 Hierarchical OrganizaDon of Body Plans • Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into 1ssues that have different funcDons • Tissues make up organs, which together make up organ systems • Some organs, such as the pancreas, belong to more than one organ system © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Heirarchy • • • • • • • • • • • • • Subatomic parDcles Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism PopulaDon Community Ecosystems The Biosphere Table 40.1 7 18/04/12 Exploring Structure and Function in Animal Tissues • Different Dssues have different structures that are suited to their funcDons • Tissues are classified into four main categories: epithelial, connecDve, muscle, and nervous © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissue • Epithelial 1ssue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and caviDes within the body • It contains cells that are closely joined • The shape of epithelial cells may be cuboidal (like dice), columnar (like bricks on end), or squamous (like floor Dles) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • The arrangement of epithelial cells may be simple (single cell layer), straDfied (mulDple Ders of cells), or pseudostraDfied (a single layer of cells of varying length) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 18/04/12 Figure 40.5aa Epithelial Tissue Stratified squamous epithelium Cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Figure 40.5ab Apical surface Basal surface 40 µm Basal lamina Polarity of epithelia Connective Tissue • Connec1ve 1ssue mainly binds and supports other Dssues • It contains sparsely packed cells scagered throughout an extracellular matrix • The matrix consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundaDon © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 18/04/12 • There are three types of connecDve Dssue fiber, all made of protein: – Collagenous fibers provide strength and flexibility – ElasDc fibers stretch and snap back to their original length – ReDcular fibers join connecDve Dssue to adjacent Dssues © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • ConnecDve Dssue contains cells, including – Fibroblasts that secrete the protein of extracellular fibers – Macrophages that are involved in the immune system © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • In vertebrates, the fibers and foundaDon combine to form six major types of connecDve Dssue: – Loose connecDve Dssue binds epithelia to underlying Dssues and holds organs in place – Car1lage is a strong and flexible support material – Fibrous connecDve Dssue is found in tendons, which agach muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones at joints © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 18/04/12 – Adipose 1ssue stores fat for insulaDon and fuel – Blood is composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma – Bone is mineralized and forms the skeleton © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 40.5ba Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue Blood Collagenous fiber Plasma 55 µm 120 µm White blood cells Elastic fiber Red blood cells Cartilage Fibrous connective tissue 30 µm 100 µm Chondrocytes Chondroitin sulfate Bone Adipose tissue 700 µm Central canal Osteon Fat droplets 150 µm Nuclei Figure 40.5bb Loose connective tissue 120 µm Collagenous fiber Elastic fiber 11 18/04/12 Figure 40.5bc 30 µm Fibrous connective tissue Nuclei Figure 40.5bd Bone 700 µm Central canal Osteon Figure 40.5be Adipose tissue 150 µm Fat droplets 12 18/04/12 Figure 40.5bf Cartilage 100 µm Chondrocytes Chondroitin sulfate Figure 40.5bg Blood Plasma 55 µm White blood cells Red blood cells Muscle Tissue • Muscle 1ssue consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 18/04/12 • It is divided in the vertebrate body into three types: – Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, is responsible for voluntary movement – Smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary body acDviDes – Cardiac muscle is responsible for contracDon of the heart © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 40.5ca Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle Nuclei Muscle fiber Sarcomere 100 µm Smooth muscle Nucleus Muscle fibers Cardiac muscle 25 µm Nucleus Intercalated disk 50 µm Figure 40.5cb Skeletal muscle Nuclei Muscle fiber Sarcomere 100 µm 14 18/04/12 Figure 40.5cc Smooth muscle Nucleus Muscle fibers 25 µm Figure 40.5cd Cardiac muscle Nucleus Intercalated disk 50 µm Nervous Tissue • Nervous 1ssue senses sDmuli and transmits signals throughout the animal • Nervous Dssue contains – Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses – Glial cells, or glia, that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 18/04/12 Figure 40.5da Nervous Tissue Neurons Glia Glia 15 µm Neuron: Dendrites Cell body Axons of neurons 40 µm Axon Blood vessel (Fluorescent LM) (Confocal LM) Figure 40.5db Figure 40.5dc 16 18/04/12 CoordinaDon and Control • Control and coordinaDon within a body depend on the endocrine system and the nervous system • The endocrine system transmits chemical signals called hormones to recepDve cells throughout the body via blood • A hormone may affect one or more regions throughout the body • Hormones are relaDvely slow acDng, but can have long-‐lasDng effects © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 40.6 Figure 40.6a 17 18/04/12 • The nervous system transmits informaDon between specific locaDons • The informaDon conveyed depends on a signal s pathway, not the type of signal • Nerve signal transmission is very fast • Nerve impulses can be received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 40.6b Concept 40.2: Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals • Animals manage their internal environment by regulaDng or conforming to the external environment © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 18